1. Bell Activity: Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4 2.5 (pg. 19 & top half of pg. 20) While reading define the following terms: Domestication Cultural Diffusion* Civilization City-State

3. Fertile Crescent & Beginnings of Civilization

4. Five Characteristics of Civilization 1.Advanced cities 2.Specialized workers 3.Complex institutions 4.Record keeping 5.Advanced technology

5. Map of Sumer

6. Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers  Soil enriched by Tigris & Euphrates rivers…  settlements built on the plains  Sun-dried clay bricks used as construction material

7. Part I: Ur  Population – 30,000  Location on Euphrates River in Southern Iraq  Advanced trading city  Developed bronze

8. Cultural roots of the Civilization  Origins unknown  Settlements date to 5200 BC for some city-states  3000 BC onwards their history was recorded w/ decoded writing*

9. Contributions to Civilization- 1  Cuneiform writing  Wedge shaped writing on clay tablets  using a stylus*

10. Sumerian  Oldest known written language  Survived as written language until cuneiform tradition fell into disuse around the time of Christ*

11. Sumerian Cuneiform

12. Flood Tablet of Gilgamesh (cuneiform) British Museum

13. Contributions to Civilization - 2  System of numbers  based on the unit of 60 which we use today to measure time

14. Contributions to Civilization – 3  Architecture/ ziggurats  “mountain of god ”  center of life in Ur  well guarded treasure house

15. Sumeria: Ziggurat reconstruction

16. Ziggurat

17. Other Contributions  Wheel, sail, plow  Bronze  Scientific investigations

18. Economy of Ur  Based on agriculture  Trade flourished  Egypt to India  Economy dominated by wealthy merchants

19. Sumerian house

20. Government  Divided into independent warring city-states  Priests governed first…  Kings ruled later

21. Social Divisions  Priests & kings made up an aristocracy  Wealthy merchants  Free craftsmen & farmers  Slaves (war captives)

22.  For Friday

23. Polytheistic Religion*  Evolution in worship from…forces of nature to…  Gods who acted as humans do…  Gods who were omnipotent— all powerful

24. Praying figures from the royal tombs  Ur  2500 BC

25. Goddess Inana  Warrior, lover, source of beauty and culture

26. Role of Women  Controlled their dowry & engaged in business  Ruled  Not equal to men ** Adultery for women was punished by death

27. Early Sumerian Tablet http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Games/cuneiform.shtml  3100-2900 BC

28. Decline of Sumerian City-States  Salinization of soil led to economic decline  War  City-states faced with invasion by Akkadians

29. Conflict Erupts  Sumerians v. Semitic peoples from Arabian deserts  Sargon of Akkad was a Semite  took over Sumer

30. Sargon of Akkad  Took over Sumeria  Capital City Babylon  Established first empire 2350 BC

31. Akkadian Empire

32. Hammurabi, “ King of the Four Quarters of the World ”  Ruled in Babylon 1792-1750 BC  Famous for law code  Took over all Mesopotamia  Empire collapsed soon after his death

33. Hammurabi Monument 1800 BC (Louvre)

34. Musee du Louvre, Paris The Stone Pillar of Hammurabi

35. Babylonian Contributions - 1  Code of Hammurabi  Sharp class divisions  Fair treatment for women  Stern sense of justice— “eye of an eye”  Business law

36. Babylonian contributions - 2  Astronomy  Charted the heavens  Could predict eclipses  Thought planets controlled lives of humans.

37. Babylonian contributions - 3  Religious Literature  Creation story  Building of an ark and a great flood that resembles Old Testament

38. Assyria

39. Assyrian Empire 1300 BC – 612 BC  Northern Mesopotamia  Period of greatness lasted only a century  Culture based on Babylon & ancient Sumer (preserved in libraries)

40. Mighty Assyrians  Used terror and atrocities on enemies  Most hated of the ancients  Art forms celebrated war & slaughter

41. Assyrian Empire

42. Assyrian Empire Map

43. Assyrian Contributions  Government  Provinces  Military roads  Ashurbanipal ’ s Library  Located at Nineveh  1,000s of preserved tablets

44. Winged bulls from the palace of Sargon II ( musee du Louvre)

45. The New Babylonians aka Chaldeans ( 612-539 BC)  Overthrew Assyrian rule  Famous ruler: Nebuchadnezzar  He captured Jerusalem  Capital: Babylon  Contributions:  Architecture & Astronomy

47. Babylonian Achievements  Influenced entire ancient world, esp. Hebrews & Greeks …  strong Bible connections  Greek literature  Greek geometry  Astronomy, astrology