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Reproductive Health of Adolescent Girls: Perspectives from WDR07 Emmanuel Jimenez December 1, 2009 www.worldbank.org/wdr2007
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Motivation Investing in in the human capital of young people (12-24 years) is key to development: A higher base on which to build human capital to grow and reduce poverty
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3 But new challenges for youth HIV prevalence rate (%) in young (15-24) pregnant women Source: UNAIDS
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Motivation Investing in in the human capital of young people (12-24 years) is key to development: A higher base on which to build human capital to grow and reduce poverty A large youth cohort is a potential demographic dividend
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Structure of the WDR 5 Transitions 3 Policy Lenses
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Human capital during 5 youth transitions key for poverty reduction and growth 12 100 % of Cohort Age 24 Learning in school after primary-age Working Forming families Participating in civic life Taking health risks
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3 types of questions asked of each transition: a ‘youth lens’ on policy Policies affecting human capital formation during Youth transitions: Economy wide policies and institutions: macro stability, investment climate, governance, labor market regulations Education and Training Health services Welfare & family services Infrastructure Youth ‘Lenses’ “ Youth friendly” policies
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3 types of questions asked of each transition: a ‘youth lens’ on policy Opportuni ties Capability Second- chances Policies affecting human capital formation during Youth transitions: -- Economy wide policies and insts: macro stability, invest. climate, governance, labor market regulations -- Education -- Training -- Health services -- Welfare & family services -- Infrastructure Youth ‘Lenses’ “Youth friendly” policies
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9 Opportunities: a good education Percent of young women, 15-24, who can read a simple sentence or know condoms can prevent HIV/AIDS after six years of primary school Inadequate preparation for adolescence improve quality of basic education Relevance of education for jobs curriculum reform, flexibility in school systems
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10 Opportunities: health services alternatives to early marriage and childbearing: schooling and work proper nutrition access to health services: reproductive health technology and services antenatal and obstetric care child health services involving young men in SRH
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Applying the framework: Opportunity Opportunity: Countries HAVE invested in access to human capital; lens focus on education quality and relevance to labor market Capability Second-chances
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3 types of questions asked of each transition: a ‘youth lens’ on policy Opportunities Capability Second- chances Policies affecting human capital formation during Youth transitions: -- Economy wide policies and insts: macro stability, invest. climate, governance, labor market regulations -- Education -- Training -- Health services -- Welfare & family services -- Infrastructure Youth ‘Lenses’ “Youth friendly” policies
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Capable decision-making: % of youth who think they have the most influence on human capital decisions
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Capabilities: information Half of 2,000 Kenyan adolescents chosen from KLPS randomly selected for VET voucher Half of these receive information intervention targeted to females: -- avg returns from KLPS -- encouraged to attend male- dominated trades Initial results: Large effect on demand for male trades Will probably affect earnings since avg earnings on tailoring and computers which some girls enter are high. 14 Source: DHS
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Relieving the information constraint
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…Incentives also matter. Positive ones, like conditional cash transfers: Mexico’s Oportunidades:.2 more years of schooling at 13-15 reduced child morbidity and mortality Bangladesh’s Female Secondary Stipend Program Cambodia’s secondary scholarship program for girls involve youth in program design esp those to change attitudes
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…Or negative ones like taxes
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Outline Motivation Structure/Framework of the Report Applying Framework: Examples Opportunity: Capability: Policy targets Govts and now Parents; lens improve the capacity of youth to decide among opportunities Second-chances:
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3 types of questions asked of each transition: a ‘youth lens’ on policy OpportunitiesCapability Second- Chances Policies affecting human capital formation during Youth transitions: -- Economy wide policies and insts: macro stability, invest. climate, governance, labor market regulations -- Education -- Training -- Health services -- Welfare & family services -- Infrastructure Youth ‘Lenses’ “Youth friendly” policies
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Second-chances: Recovering from poor outcomes High costs of not giving young people another chance to recover: Effects are long-lasting Later recovery as adults is more costly May inhibit investment by others (e.g., high HIV/AIDS prevalence leads to lower investment) Examples:
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Examples of second-chance programs for RHA Training for dropouts to re-enter mainstream educ Child-care services in schools for students Family planning and maternal services for youth
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Policy Framework Opportunity Capability Second-chances: Prevention; lens Help young people recover from poor outcomes
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Moving forward in Countries Coordination: youth outcomes require improved multi-sector efforts Voice: the constituency of youth is weak (which is why for this Report, we had extensive consultation) Evaluation: many youth- specific initiatives are still new; impact must be studied Providing school uniforms not only increased enrollment in Kenya – it lowered teenage pregnancy
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