1. Lenses

2. Lenses A converging lens, or positive lens is a convex lens.
A diverging lens, or negative lens is a concave lens.
We will be using biconvex lenses for IB.
Lenses use refraction, and the rays bend twice in the lens.
We simplify this by bending light rays once along a vertical line at the lens midpoint.
We refer to lenses as “thin” lenses so we can simplify by bending the rays once.

3. Biconvex Lens
This lens is called a converging lens (or positive lens).
Light rays converge on the real side (right side) at the focal point.
As it is composed of two circular objects joined together, there are two foci.
The real focus is on the right side and the virtual focus is on the left side.
Uses: Magnifying glasses, cameras, photographic enlargers, slide projectors, movie projectors, reading glasses.

4. Biconvex Lens
The centre of the lens, where it meets the principal axis (PA), is called the optical centre (OC)
The vertical line bisecting the lens is called the axis of symmetry (A of S)
There are two focal points: the real one (F) and the virtual one (F’).
Light rays parallel to the principal axis, will converge at the focal length, f. F F’ OC
A of S PA

5. Biconvex Lens A thin lens has a thickness much smaller than f.
Three rays are used, to locate images.
Ray 1: a ray parallel to PA from the top of the object to the A of S, refracts through F
Ray 2: a ray passing through F’ and the top of the object to the A of S, refracts parallel to the PA
Ray 3: a ray passing through the OC to the A of S, will not refract and will pass straight through

6. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O

7. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O

8. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O

9. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O

10. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O

11. Biconvex Lens
Ray Diagram F F’ OC O I

12. Biconvex Lens Ray Diagram F F’ OC O I Image Characteristics Type: Real
Attitude: Inverted
Magnification: M = hi/ho = - _____cm/ ______cm = - ______
Location: di = + ________ cm

13. Human Eye

14. Calculations We can use the mirror formulae with lenses again.
The thin lens equation is very applicable here (obviously!)
Remember that di is negative for virtual images and hi is negative if the image is inverted.

15. Calculations
Ex 1) A convex lens of a magnifying glass is held 2.00 cm above a page to magnify the print. If the image produced by the lens is 3.60 cm away and virtual, what is the focal length of the lens?

16. Calculations
Ex 2) A convex lens has a focal length of 60.0 cm. A candle is placed 50.0 cm from the lens. What type of image is formed and how far is the image from the lens?
As di is negative, the image is virtual.

17. Text Practice
Note: A biconcave lens is not required for SL. Page 739 #5, 6 – 9, 13. Page 740 #22 – 28 Lens worksheet