1. Hydrogen A Fuel for Today and Tomorrow

2. What is Hydrogen? Element 1 on the Periodic Table - 1 proton, 1 electron Diatomic molecule (H 2 ) - 2 protons, 2 electrons Highest energy content of common fuels on a WEIGHT basis Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME basis Elemental hydrogen is abundant on earth, but usually bound to carbon or oxygen Abundant throughout the universe (stars are primarily hydrogen)

3. Energy carriers move energy in a usable form from one place to another. Electricity is an energy carrier So are gasoline and hydrogen Hydrogen allows us to store energy from many sources and bring it to where we need it. Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier

4. HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY ZERO/NEAR ZERO EMISSIONS. Transportation Distributed Generation Why Hydrogen? It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse domestic resources. Biomass Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal Coal Nuclear Natural Gas Oil With Carbon Sequestration

5. Hydrogen as a gas in NOT abundant in underground reservoirs. Hydrogen bonds easily to other elements and is rarely found on its own. While hydrogen can be stripped from underground deposits of natural gas (methane) there are no underground deposits of pure hydrogen. Where is Hydrogen Found?

6. Hydrogen can be produced from water; from carbon-containing materials (usually reacting with water); as a byproduct of chemical processes Regional variations in traditional energy resources are no longer an issue Every region has some indigenous fossil or renewable resource that can be used to make hydrogen Flexibility of Source

7. Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 48% of world production Nearly 95% of the U.S. hydrogen production Strong economy-of-scale Heat integration within and outside of SMR Overall energy efficiency is affected by the ability to make use of the steam by-product Commercial Product Today

8. Current Hydrogen Fuel Use in the U.S. 70 fueling stations – 23 in California – 9 in New York – 4 in Michigan – 1-2 in AZ, CO, CT, HI, IL, MA, MO, NV, ND, OH, PA, SC, TX, VT, VA, WV 421 Hydrogen Vehicles, a 34% increase since 2008 Honda FCX sedan and the Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell are the only fuel cell cars available to the public on a limited release lease agreement (mostly in S. California) Data from Transportation Energy Data Book, Dept. of Energy, 2010 12/3/2015Footer Goes Here8

9. Petroleum Refining 30% of world production Used within the refinery Coal Gasification 18% of world production Byproduct of steel industry Coke off-gas Primarily found in Europe and Asia Electrolysis 5% of world production High-purity for on-site generation and use Cost is a strong function of electricity cost Commercial Production Today

10. Steam Electrolysis Split water with heat, pressure, and electricity Thermochemical Split water with chemicals and heat Photoelectrochemical Split water using sunlight directly, or using chemicals and heat Biological Split water using organisms Other Ways to Liberate Hydrogen From Water

11. Storage of hydrogen on board a vehicle is a tough technical challenge Installation of a hydrogen delivery and dispensing infrastructure is expensive It’s not just the transportation sector that is affected by hydrogen and fuel cells –stationary and portable applications also affected. Challenges of Hydrogen

12. Hydrogen can be cooled and stored as a liquid. It must be cooled to -253 o It can also be stored as a gas. It must be compressed to be stored efficiently. Hydrogen Storage and Transportation

13. High-pressure storage tanks. Hydrogen gas can be compressed and stored in storage tanks at high pressure, but these tanks must be very strong. Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid. In this form, more hydrogen can be stored per volume, but it must be kept at very cold temperature (about -253° C). Hydrogen Storage

14. Metal hydrides. Hydrogen combines chemically with some metals, which can store it more efficiently than high-pressure storage tanks. Carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are microscopic tubes of carbon, two nanometers (billionths of a meter) across, which store hydrogen in their microscopic pores. Hydrogen Storage

15. Hydrogen storage takes place… – On-board a vehicle – At production sites, in transit, and at refueling stations Hydrogen can be stored in its pure form, or can be reformed on board a vehicle from other fuels Hydrogen Storage

16. PEM fuel cells are favored because they operate at low temperature (~80°C) less waste heat…but also limits CHP applications compared to other fuel cell types Quick startup, lower thermal stresses Efficient at low loads (typical operating region for vehicles) Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Transportation

17. Guts of a Fuel Cell Vehicle

18. While fuel cells do wear out over time, A PEM fuel cell in a vehicle should have a 4,000 hour service life, while stationary applications should last 40,000 hours. Fuel Cell Life

19. Fuel leak simulation Hydrogen on left Gasoline on right Equivalent energy release HydrogenGasoline Three Second seconds One minute Hydrogen Safety

20. Transportation Desired range can be achieved with on-board hydrogen storage (unlike Battery Electric Vehicle) Can be used in internal combustion engines Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships Buildings Combined heat, power, and fuel Reliable energy services for critical applications Grid independence Industrial Sector Already plays an important role as a chemical Opportunities for additional revenue streams Flexibility Of Use

21. Energy security Diverse domestic sources Flexibility of system Economic security International leadership in technical development and deployment Price stability Environmental security Potential to meet GHG targets Urban air quality improvements Reduction in air pollutants So– why hydrogen?

22. Catherine E. Grégoire Padró Los Alamos National Laboratory Dr. Rajat K. Sen, Patty Kappaz Sentech, Inc. The NEED Project acknowledges…