1. DOE’s Building Technologies Office: R&D Directions and Opportunities Pat Phelan,* Emerging Technologies University of Pennsylvania October 20, 2015 patrick.phelan@ee.doe.gov * On leave from Arizona State University

2. 2 Sustainable Energy  Renewable Energy Source: Advanced Energy Economy (AEE) Institute, “Competitiveness of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in U.S. Markets,” 2015 Energy efficiency MUST be considered as a part of our sustainable energy strategy!

3. 3 Market Opportunities for Buildings Energy Efficiency U.S. Revenue by Advanced Building Technology Type 36% 74% 25% 4% 31% 141% 343% 48% Source: Advanced Energy Now 2015 Market Report Buildings energy efficiency is the largest advanced energy segment in 2014, in terms of revenue ($60.1B, or 30% of the total).

4. 4 2014 Building Energy Use 4 Sources: 2013, 2014 EIA Annual Energy Outlook; 2010 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey Buildings use about 76% of the electricity, and about 40% of all primary energy, in the USA.

5. 5 Who Supports Energy Efficiency R&D (Federal)? Fundamental Research First Commercialization Market Penetration Building Technologies Office Emerging Technologies Commercial Buildings Integration Residential Buildings Integration Codes & Standards ARPA-ENSF DOE Office of Science FEMPESTCPONR GSA Green Proving Grounds

6. 6 BTO Emerging Technologies: Research Portfolio Heating, ventilating, air conditioning, water heating, and appliances Building Envelope: Next generation insulation Advanced heat pump technology: Air source heat pumps Integrated heat pumps Heat exchangers Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigeration Sensors and controls Advanced refrigerator technology Solid state lighting Advanced windows Building energy modeling

7. 7 Quadrennial Technology Review: Chapter 5 on Buildings 5.2 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality The Building Envelope Ventilation and Air Quality Space Conditioning Equipment Moisture Removal Heat Exchangers Thermal Storage 5.5 Electronics and Other Building Energy Loads Computers and Other Electronic Devices Other Building Energy Loads 5.3 Lighting Windows, Daylighting, and Lighting Controls Lighting Devices 5.6 Systems-Level Opportunities Sensors, Controls, and Networks Building Design and Operation Decision Science Embodied Energy DC Systems Thermal Energy Distribution and Reuse 5.4 Major Energy Consuming Appliances: Hot Water Heaters, Refrigerators, and Clothes Dryers QTR: http://energy.gov/qtr

8. 8 Potential Limits of Building Energy Efficiency (Residential) 8 “Other” dominates in the future: Small electric devices, heating elements, outdoor grills, exterior lights, pool/spa heaters, etc. Best available does not consider cost ET 2020 includes cost effectiveness Source: 2015 DOE Quadrennial Technology Review (Chioke Harris, Jared Langevin, Jack Mayernik, & Brent Nelson) ET = Emerging Technologies EUI = Energy Use Intensity

9. 9  Interest in “net zero energy” and “low energy” buildings  Is there an ideal minimum building energy use?  Compare with the Carnot limits for heat engines and refrigerators: Thermodynamic Limit for a Building Carnot efficiency for a heat engine  In a similar manner, for an “ideal” building, will the building energy consumption be reduced to zero?  Probably not, just like how  max < 100%  Therefore, what is the minimum energy use intensity for a building: Collaboration with Dr. Omar Abdelaziz of ORNL

10. 10 Methodology for Minimum Building Energy Analysis For single-family houses:  Assume the “New Construction” home, as described in Hendron & Engebrecht, 2010, “Building America House Simulation Protocols,” DOE/GO-102010-3141  This report also specifies the internal loads (people, lighting requirements, cold and hot water usage, etc.)  Houses are assumed to be located in one of seven cities, representing most of the climate zones in the USA  Ideal assumptions:  Adiabatic walls and windows  Carnot heat pump for space heating and cooling  Carnot refrigerator  Carnot heat pump water heater  Carnot heat pump clothes dryer

11. 11 Sample Climate-Specific Annual Energy Consumption Climate ZoneCity Ideal Minimum Site Energy Consumption Per Unit Area (kWhr/ft 2 ) Actual National Average* (kWhr/ft 2 ) 6A, Very ColdMinneapolis, MN 3.6114.84 5A, ColdChicago, IL 3.2914.84 4C, MarineSeattle, WA 2.7511.64 3A, Mixed-HumidAtlanta, GA 2.6313.01 3B, Hot-DryLos Angeles, CA 2.3212.05 2B, Hot-DryPhoenix, AZ 2.4212.05 2A, Hot-HumidHouston, TX 2.6711.46 * http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/ Existing homes consume > 4 times the ideal thermodynamic limit.

12. 12 Potential Limits of Building Energy Efficiency (Residential) 12 “ET 2020” represents the R&D goals for BTO for the year 2020 (ET = Emerging Technologies) Source: 2015 DOE Quadrennial Technology Review

13. 13 Representative ET 2020 R&D Goals Source: 2015 DOE Quadrennial Technology Review COP = Coefficient of Performance COP is based on primary energy input.

14. 14 2015 Best Source: Lowe’s, Home Depot, & Sears product data for ~50-60 gallon residential heat pump water heater Energy Star Source: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=water_heat.pr_crit_water_heaters Fed. Min. Std. Sources: Electric - http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/product.aspx/productid/27#recentupdates ; Gas -http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/product.aspx/productid/27#recentupdates Tracking Progress on Efficiency & Cost: Water Heaters 2020 R&D targets are shown for: Electric Non-CO 2 vapor compression CO 2 vapor compression Non vapor compression Gas-Fired Absorption/Adsorption Moral: Both performance AND cost matter!

15. 15 Setting R&D Targets: BTO Prioritization Tool (Scout) Inputs Performance improvement Cost Market Lifetime Analysis Stock and flow dynamics Technology diffusion Cost of Conserved Energy (CCE) Staging framework Outputs CCE and annual energy savings Technical potential Full-Adoption potential BTO-Adoption adjusted potential Staged potential Service Demand per unit stock (e.g., BTUs of heating required to maintain occupant comfort/ home/ year, lumens/ sq. ft. /year) Efficiency (or more formally intensity): the energy required to meet the service demand (e.g., AFUE, lumens/watt) Equipment Stock (e.g., number of homes, total square footage) Total energy use (e.g., trillion BTUs primary energy per year in 2030) U = S X E -1 X SD = S X C Consumption (e.g. kWh / sq. ft. /year) Source: Farese, P, Gelman, R, & Hendron, R, 2012, “A Tool to Prioritize Energy Efficiency Investments,” NREL/TP-6A20- 54799; Farese, P, 2012, “How to Build a Low-Energy Future,” Nature 488, pp. 275-277.

16. 16 Representative Results: R-10 Windows BAU Technical Potential Max Adoption Potential Adoption-Adjusted Potential Realized Energy Savings

17. 17 ET Recent Highlights: HVAC Transcritical CO 2 Supermarket Refrigeration System Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with HillPhoenix Low GWP refrigerant (CO 2 ), with 25 percent lower energy consumption than existing systems, and 78% lower GHG emissions New Low-GWP Refrigerant for Supermarkets Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with Honeywell Honeywell and ORNL have developed Solstice N40, a non- toxic hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) -based refrigerant alternative for R-404A, the most common refrigerant used Offers a lower-global-warming potential and energy-saving replacement for R-404A Search for Low-GWP Refrigerants Research by NIST and CUA to identify low- GWP refrigerants: Best Paper Award for 2013/14 Int. J Refrigeration Low-GWP Refrigerants for High-Ambient Temperatures (HFC Alternatives) ORNL report highlighted at recent White House HFC event

18. 18 Commercialized Technologies & Energy Impacts from ET Funding

19. 19 Buildings RD&D Opportunities in the 2015 QTR Building thermal comfort and appliances  Materials that facilitate deep retrofits (e.g., thin insulating materials)  Low/no-GWP heat pump systems  Improved tools for diagnosing heat flows over the lifetime of a building  Clear metrics for the performance of building shells for heat and air flows Lighting  Test procedures for reliably determining the expected lifetime of commercial LED and OLED products  Understanding why LED efficiency decreases at high power densities  High efficiency green LEDs  Efficient quantum dot materials  Advanced sensors and controls for lighting  Glazing with tunable optical properties  Efficient, durable, low-cost OLEDs  Lower cost retrofit solutions for lighting fixtures Electronics and miscellaneous building energy loads  More efficient circuitry (hardware and software)  More flexible power management (hardware and software)  Standardized communications protocols  Wide-band-gap semiconductors for power supplies Systems-level opportunities  Accurate, reliable, low installed cost sensors  Energy harvesting to power wireless sensors and controls  Improved control systems (cybersecurity, install/commissioning)  Control algorithms to automatically optimize building system performance  Open-source software modules supporting interoperability  Easy-to-use, fast, accurate software tools to design and operate buildings  Co-simulation modeling with a widely used interface standard  Decision science research incorporating personal information security  Components and systems that allow building devices to share waste heat

20. 20 Materials with tunable optical properties (adjust transmissivity and absorptivity by wavelength) Materials for efficient LEDs Materials for efficient motors and controls (magnets, wide- band-gap semiconductors) Enthalpy exchange materials Materials for low-cost Krypton/Xenon replacement Materials for non-vapor-compression heat pumps (e.g. thermoelectric, magnetocaloric, electrocaloric) Big-data management for large networks of building controls and next-generation grid systems Ultra-efficient computation (neural networks) Decision science research Fundamental Research Challenges in the 2015 QTR

21. 21 One Future R&D Priority: Low-GWP HVAC & Refrigeration GWP = Global Warming Potential HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning Upcoming workshops to help define solution strategies: Nov 17, 2015: ASME IMECE (Houston, TX) Dec 8, 2015: ASHRAE headquarters (Atlanta, GA)

22. 22 Climate Impacts from HFC Refrigerants Source: Velders et al., 2012, “Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs,” Science 335, pp. 922-3. Under a “business-as-usual” scenario, continued use of HFC refrigerants could contribute up to  20% of the increased radiative forcing due to CO 2. 100-Year GWPs R-22: 1,760 (HCFC) R-125: 3,400 R-134a: 1,300 R-290: 3 (propane) R-407c: 1,610 R-410a: 1,924

23. 23 Thermodynamic “Head Room” for Efficiency Improvements Residential End-Use Efficiencies Thermodynamic “Head Room” Opportunities for both advanced vapor- compression systems, and non vapor- compression systems.

24. 24 Recent DOE/BTO Awards in Non-Vapor-Compression Technology Dais Analytic: advanced membrane HVAC technology Maryland Energy and Sensor Technologies, LLC: thermoelastic cooling Oak Ridge National Laboratory: magnetocaloric air conditioner UTRC: electrocaloric heat pump Xergy, Inc.: electrochemical compression (ECC) technology For more information, go to http://energy.gov/eere/articles/energy-department-invests-nearly- 8-million-develop-next-generation-hvac-systems

25. 25 BTO & PNNL: Buildings of the Future Scoping Study Goal: Develop a vision for what mainstream U.S. residential and commercial buildings could become in 100 years. futurebuildings.pnnl.gov http://www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf_photos.html http://www.libertyharborrv. com/empire-state-building http://www.architectureadmirers.c om/renewable-resources-and- energy-efficient-buildings-are-the- future-of-architecture/

26. 26 Group 1 -Identified metrics (how to measure) -Quantitative targets (what to achieve) -Mostly known processes (how to achieve) -Some overlaps Group 2 -Identified metrics -Quantitative targets -Partially known processes -Little overlap Resiliency Security Group 3 -Unclear metrics -Qualitative targets -Learning process -Some overlaps Comfort & Productivity Future Buildings Zero Waste Reduced Potable Water Use The path is unclear due to the lack of an integrated vision. BTO & PNNL: Buildings of the Future Scoping Study Goal: Develop a vision for what mainstream U.S. residential and commercial buildings could become in 100 years. futurebuildings.pnnl.gov

27. 27 Fiscal Year 2015 Emerging Technologies Funding Distribution ET FY15 Budget: $49.9M $17.8M $20.25M * Includes water heating and appliances * Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs): Solid State Lighting BENEFIT (HVAC focus in 2015) BUILD (university-led projects)

28. 28 Funding Opportunities in FY16 and Beyond Emerging Technologies:  BENEFIT (Building Energy Frontiers and Innovation Technologies)  Rotates among non-SSL topics  Early stage and later stage R&D; often includes “open” topic  Solid State Lighting (SSL) Advanced Technology R&D  Catalyst (software solutions; joint with SunShot)  ORNL JUMP (hardware)  Small Business Vouchers (SBV) Commercial Buildings Integration:  Annual FOA for demonstration or deployment projects Residential Buildings Integration:  Annual FOA, especially for Building America Program Small Business Innovative Research:  2 – 3 topics offered each year

29. 29 BTO partnership with the successful SunShot Catalyst initiative for open innovation on near-term market challenges. Identify and solve problems related to software development, data, and/or automation. Ideation  Innovation  Prototype  Incubation More information at: http://catalyst.energy.gov/ Catalyst: Crowdsourcing Initiative to Solve Buildings-Related Problems

30. 30 BTO Catalyst Winners (2015) CBE Occupant Feedback Toolkit (Livable Analytics) Using Automation to Reduce Barriers to Adoption of Fault Diagnostic Technologies in Commercial Buildings (Kinetic Buildings) SmartHome HVAC, by One Oak Systems (One Oak Systems) A software-centric approach to Building Automation to improve utilization of energy efficiency technology (Building DataCloud) Spectrum: sustainability software for the architecture industry (BuiltSpectrum) Each winning team received $25K in software development funds (through TopCoder)  Demonstration Days: Dec 14 – 18, 2015  Successful teams at Demonstration Days compete for up to an additional $100K in funding http://catalyst.energy.gov/

31. 31 ORNL’s 2015 Buildings Crowdsourcing Efforts Taking it Forward: Launch v2.0 Stay tuned for the web-cast announcement of the 2015 winners and the launch of V2.0 “JUMP” on Sept 24, 2015! Join the community at buildings.ideascale.com to receive the latest updates!buildings.ideascale.com 5 Create a community that links ORNL researchers to industry partners, small businesses, innovators and end-users to hasten the market transformation curve of energy efficient technologies. Vision 4 Rapid Innovation  Facilitated networking  Opportunity for small businesses to participate in the SBV program Campaigns & Stats  3 Campaigns: Envelope, Equipment, Sensors & Control  5,000+ Unique visitors  70+ Valid ideas 1 Award Recognition  3-D printed prototypes, poster and in-session presentations for best ideas at EERE’s Industry Day* 3 Community Engagement to Advance Best Ideas * Subject to funding availability Judging  9 Independent Judges. Ideas evaluated based on their technical feasibility, potential for energy savings, and novelty 2

32. 32 Hybrid Air/Water Conditioner  Exploits synergies between conditioning indoor air, dehumidification, ventilation, and hot water heating  The AC cycle separates sensible and latent heat with a desiccant wheel and decides whether to use the waste heat from the variable-speed vapor compression cycle for generating domestic hot water or for regenerating the desiccant wheel.  Status: A working prototype Combined CO 2 & Temperature Control  Replace individual zone temperature sensors with ones that also measure CO 2 to control the damper inside a variable air volume (VAV) mixing box.  This will allow the mixing damper in a VAV box to close if the space does not have a call for ventilation air or air conditioning. Reducing the energy needed to cool and heat air.  Status: A working concept but need testing and validation High Performance EPS Foam Window Frames  Work with local manufacture of high density EPS foam window frames. Insulated glass units (IGUs) can then be ordered to size and inserted into the EPS window frames that are already installed in the wall  This would eliminate concern for loss of gas-fill during handling.  Status: In process to patent this technology approach and licensing it to EPS molders 2015 ORNL Crowdsourcing Winners

33. 33 ORNL’s Goal for Crowdsourcing v2.0 - JUMP Accelerate Innovation Cycle J J oin in discussion U U nveil innovation M M otivate transformation P P romote technology to market Engage industry partners in co-developing campaigns relevant to the most pressing industry challenges, to accelerate Tech2Market Jan. 2016 – Kick off Round 2 Mar. 2016 – Kick off Round 3 Let’s Put Our Ideas to Work at buildings.ideascale.combuildings.ideascale.com

34. 34 DOE Small Business Vouchers Program Recently DOE launched the Small Business Central Assistance Platform (www.sbv.org), a web-based tool that will be used to exchange information between the labs and small businesses.www.sbv.org This Platform will be used to market the labs’ core capabilities in the topic areas of interest and will be used to accept applications from small businesses who want to participate in the program. Individual vouchers will range from $50,000 to $300,000 per clean energy small business and can be used to initiate collaborative research projects or to access technical assistance with labs. Three cycles of competitions will be offered to interested small businesses in the 2015 (deadline: Oct 23, 2015) and 2016 fiscal years. Small business leaders interested in pursuing a voucher may reach participating labs through our Lab Impact Initiative: EERELabImpact@ee.doe.gov. EERELabImpact@ee.doe.gov http://energy.gov/eere/lab-impact/downloads/small- business-vouchers-documents-0

35. 35 2016 BENEFIT Funding Opportunity Announcement Notice of Intent DE-FOA-0001413 Topic 1 Open Topic for Energy Efficiency Solutions for Residential and Commercial Buildings Topic 2 Human-in-the-Loop Sensor & Control Systems Topic 3 Infiltration Diagnostic Technologies Topic 4 Plug-and Play-Sensor Systems Topic 5 Advanced Air-Sealing Technologies for Existing Buildings BUILD (Buildings University Innovators and Leaders Development) Supplements Section DE-FOA-0001410: Request for Information Teaming Partner List for Upcoming Funding Opportunity Announcement: Buildings Energy Efficiency Frontiers & Innovation Technologies (BENEFIT) - 2016

36. 36 How To Get Involved with BTO Get on our email list (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/newsletter.html, and click on “Sign up to receive news and events from BTO”)http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/newsletter.html Provide input on draft BTO Multi-Year Program Plan (http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/downloads/draft-multi-year- program-plan)http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/downloads/draft-multi-year- program-plan  Volunteer to be a reviewer (send CV to BTOreviewer@ee.doe.gov )BTOreviewer@ee.doe.gov  Participate in workshops, RFIs (Requests for Information), roadmap development, our crowdsourcing competitions (Catalyst and JUMP) and the annual program peer review – Roadmaps under development: Building Energy Modeling, Sensors & Controls  Apply to a FOA! (https://eere-exchange.energy.gov/)https://eere-exchange.energy.gov/ patrick.phelan@ee.doe.gov