1. Chelsea Harmon Catherine Hanson Abby Llaneza Jen Williams
HIV and T-cells
Chelsea Harmon
Catherine Hanson
Abby Llaneza
Jen Williams

2. Introduction
CD4 is a protein located on the surface of the Helper T cell
CD 4 helper cells are located on Helper T cells which attract the virus to the cell.
CD 4 normally functions as an agent to help bind MHC Class II to the Macrophage

4. Time Course of HIV and AIDS
Acute Phase
Sharp rise of virus in the blood
Consequent drop in CD4 T cells
Immune system most damaged by HIV
Chronic Phase
Immune system recovers somewhat
HIV fairly steady for several years
AIDS Phase
CD4 Level drops below 200 cells per cubic mm of blood
Opportunistic infections arise

5. Time Course Diagram

6. HIV Life Cycle
Begins with Virus binds to the helper T-cell surface and it fuses with the cell membrane
It empties its contents into the cell and the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase copies the viral genetic material from RNA into double-stranded DNA and another HIV enzyme, integrase splices into the cellular DNA.
Provirus, the integrated DNA is used as a blueprint that makes the cell produce viral proteins and RNA.
Another enzyme, the HIV protease cleaves the new proteins allowing them to join the RNO in new viral particles that eventually bud from the cells and infect other helper T-cells.

7. HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
This therapy is used to achieve maximum viral suppression
Includes 2 nucleoside analogues and 1 protease inhibitor
Costs $10,000 to $12,000 a year
Drawbacks: Many pills to keep track of, high resistance rates, pill failures

8. Measuring Viral Load
HIV replicates prolifically from the start of infection
HIV levels remain fairly stable for several years because the body responds for a time by manufacturing huge amounts of CD4 T-cells.

9. Measuring Viral Load (cont.)
Findings:
Investigators found that in untreated patients the strength of the initial immune response exerts a decisive influence on the rate of progression to AIDS
Strong immunological activity in the acute phase of infection helps to preserve the body’s later ability to manufacture the subset of CD4 T cells that specifically react to HIV.
At any stage viral levels correlate with prognosis. Many studies suggest that patients whose viral concentrations fall into the undetectable realm and stay there are most likely to avoid progression to AIDS.