1. Social Studies Chapter 4

2. Chapter 3 Lesson 1 People Come to the Americas

3. Bering Strait Narrow passage that separates Asia to North America The land the hunters may have walked is now buried under water.

4. Glaciers At that time, about 1/3 of the earth’s surface was covered with glaciers. They were sometimes up to a mile thick. Oceans were about 300 feet lower.

5. When the Bering Strait connected Asia with North America, many different groups of humans walked across.

6. This bridge existed until about 12000 B.C. At that time temperatures rose and caused the glaciers to melt

7. The water covered the bridged land

8. People continued to cross with boats but walking was now over

9. From Hunting to Farming The hunters who walked across the land bridge into N. America may have been the ancestors of people we now call the Native Americans

10. Their story can be told in 4 epochs What is an epoch?

11. Beringian Epoch- When main group of hunters came to North America 13,000-9,500 B.C. Hunters followed these animals to warmer lands. Travel all through the Americas

12. Paleo- Indian Epoch Water levels raise from melted glaciers The N. American grasslands became hot deserts. Grass-eating animals dies out for want food American Indians now had to look for new sources of food. Made better weapons

13. With improved weapons they could hunt faster animals Bison, Caribou, and Deer

14. Archaic Epoch Now lived in permanent settlements, built boats if they lived near water, and collected nuts and berries in forest areas.

15. During the archaic period, they also learned to to plant and harvest corn, beans and other crops

16. With agriculture, they could settle and grow food, so they (Native Americans) grew in number

17. Postarchaic Epoch 1000 B.C.- 1500A.D. Many cultures developed during this period Wore clothing made of plants and animal skin Living in huts or wooden houses

18. Some live liked hunters and some lived within powerful societies Aztecs- City of Tenochtitlan 100,000 people within the city Canals, Temples, Islands Hunted Caribou across the cold, bare regions of Canada.

19. Chapter 4 Lesson 2 Four American Indian Cultures

20. Anasazi-People of the Desert A.D. 100 Cotton Beans Corn Moved from their settlements on mesa tops to cliff dwellings Historians believe that they may have feared an enemy and moved homes to live where it was easier to defend themselves.

21. They climbed to tend to their crops Most important food was corn, but it would not survive without rain

22. They learned to tend the desert land They caught water in ditches to use on their crops

23. They believed in performing a rain dance to come and bring rain to their crops. If rain came, their crops would grow. They would feel alive after this process.

24. Rain came to a stop about the 1200’s and they moved near the water. Anasazi still live in the Southwest, but not in cliff dwellings. These were only occupied when there was rain.

25. Makah- People of the Coast From the Olympic Peninsula where they were surrounded by water. They relied on fish and other animals for food.

26. In the warm months they lived along streams and caught salmon

27. During the winter months, they would canoe out to the seas and catch whales, sea lions, otters, and more They depended on this food they caught all year.

28. Lived on dried salmon and other fish

29. They made baskets, wooden masks, and other wooden objects made from cedar tree.

30. If they had extra food or projects, they had potlatch ceremonies where the wealthy gave to their guests

31. Each year they held a ceremony to honor the salmon and their return to the rivers of the land.

32. Mississippians: People of the River

33. Built a network of trade from The Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico

34. Chert- used for weapons and tools Traded chert for shells, copper, and jewelry

35. Muscogee (Creek)- Very similar to Mississippians Lived along rivers and streams and built mounds just like Mississippians They lived in an area that is now Alabama and Georgia

36. They hunted, fished, gathered fruits and nuts. Planted beans and corn They built villages surrounded by tall wooden fences

37. Dozens of small houses in a village. Each family owned two.

38. One house was for winter and one was for summer One was light and airy for summer, and one was warm and solid for winter

39. Houses surrounded a plaza where the town council met. The council was made up of men who were brave and wise. One man was the chief

40. Creek religious ceremonies took place in the plaza too People gave thanks for the harvest in mid- summer In this, people put anger issues aside and vowed to live in peace. Then they feasted on corn It was living in harmony with nature

41. Life in an Iroquois Village Chapter 4 Lesson 3

42. The Iroquois Nation began in the 1400’s. At the time five people formed a confederation They were hoping to make peace among their members They called themselves the Haudenosaunee- (ho DUH nuh shawnee) “People of the Long House”

43. The long house is where they lived. Several families were in one.

44. Women- Were often the most important within the group. So when they married, they often lived with the woman’s family

45. If they lived together, they worked together. They divided the work equally between men and women

46. Men- hunted, fished, and farmed The work they did was for everyone to share.

47. Men also fought in war when Iroquois went to war

48. Women- raised crops and took charge of the daily life. They made sure everyone in the village had their basic needs. SquashCornbeans Foodclothingshelter

49. They believed every part of nature had its own spirit. plantTreeanimal They prayed to the spirits and asked for help in hunting and farming.

50. They also believed they should only take what was needed and nothing more.

51. They shared no matter how little they had. No one went hungry. Everyone helped each other. Cooperation was so important

52. In fact, without cooperation, they would not survive. The five people belonging to the nation were always at war with each other. If a Cayuga killed a Seneca, then a Seneca would kill a Cayuga in return Continually tried to get even

53. Hiawatha- Tired of the fighting, he took advice from a “Peace Maker.” He advised joining together as a single naion.

54. Hiawatha made this happen by going to all the villages to call peace

55. The Great Council- 49 chiefs They brought an end to wars They remembered the words of Hiawatha

56. Worked together and built a great nation.