2. COMM1PCOMM1P This presentation © Gilbert Cockton 2001. For University of Sunderland students only. Permission is required for any other use of this material Media and Interaction 6 Guidelines and “it depends” Another map, not a guided tour!

3. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 The Rule of HCI: Reminder 0910 Good Design … … demonstrably fits … … its context of use (guidelines don’t) This lecture introduces guidelines for information presentation and low-level interaction

4. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 3 Fundamentals: Reminder 0912 Context  Design - options and guidelines Evaluation

5. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Part 1 Media Types and Issues

6. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Media Classes and Types 0914 Static Media Text Graphics Time-based media audio (speech, music, auralisation) video animation (including VR)

7. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Issues 1 0916 Realism and authenticity exploit realism of recorded media Attention, saliency and highlights select media to focus attention Comprehensibility select media to ease comprehension

8. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Issues 2 0918 Cultural Appropriateness select culturally appropriate media Accessibility ensure that media choices don’t exclude some users Task-Fit select media that meets the information needs of the task

9. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Realism and Authenticity 0921 What would you trust more? Newspaper report of a football incident Television report of a football incident? Media-base of camera footage and eye-witness recordings When would this matter? Relevant contexts of use?

10. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Realism and Media Types 0924 Realistic Image –Still (Photograph), not retouched –Moving (Video), unedited Audio –Live Unedited Recording

11. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Part 2 Text Media

12. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Text Media Guidelines 0927 Write for the audience international audience? Write for the web (users scan, not read) pyramid style –key point, elaboration, supporting detail persuasive but respectful Use appropriate typography & formatting typefaces, fonts, case (capitals) clear visual structure, headings etc.

13. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Part 3 Graphical Media

14. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Photos and Diagrams 0931 Where technically appropriate … Use photos to create a mood content, form, colour Use photos to add authenticity, build trust see the real person, service brands Use diagrams to better communicate information maps, relations, processes

15. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Graphical Media Guidelines 0934 Graphic Design Principles Use appropriate style for audience check emotional responses of users Minimise decoration within a style Maximise guessability of symbols concrete not abstract objects not actions avoid indirection (e.g., house = “home page”)

16. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Info. Presentation: Static 0937 Representations should fit the user’s task to read absolute values: use tables to detect trends: use graphs to detect groups: use diagrams –scatter, cluster etc. to find/compare: use histograms (bar charts) See data presentation/visualisation chapters in statistics books

17. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 0940 Break 0940 Back at 0950 Monday Tutorials Briefing on Individual Assignment Meet at Group times: 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 Monday lecture on November 12th EC 1100- 314 ECA 1300- 312

18. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Part 4 Time-Based Media

19. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Time-based Media Issues 1 0951 Fit media choice to the expected context of use Fit the technical environment – expected plug-ins, known bandwidth Ensure inclusion through redundancy –provide alternatives to exotic media Fit cultural expectations –Production values and reproduction quality –appropriate quality of footage and/or audio

20. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Time-based Media Issues 2 0954 User in control! Stop, play, forward and rewind controls Stop loading

21. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Use Audio To... 0955 … create a mood music, sound effects, voice... add authenticity spoken word... communicate information auralisation, sonic finders etc. … increase inclusion Support access by visually impaired Extend bandwidth of mobile devices

22. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Use Video To... 0958... deliver a mood image, sound.. add authenticity (a picture is worth...) … communicate information good for causal relations, process, narrative … build trust show the real person

23. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Use Animation and VR to... 1001... support exploratory learning especially dynamic information visualisation … communicate information good for causal relations, process, narrative, spatial relations Makes the abstract concrete build into information analysis during context analysis? Information attributes => media?

24. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Info. Presentation Summary 1004 Understand the design options design spaces for all media Know relevant design guidelines principles and heuristics for all media Understand the impact of context include/exclude guidelines (usually include!) recognise cognitive universals (perception, attention etc.)

25. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Part 5 Interaction

26. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 Interaction: 3 Perspectives 1007 Norman’s Model (Cognitive Psychology) Derive principles from his seven stages Closed Loop Control Systems (Cybernetics) Derive guidelines from decision making in closed loop systems Input control types (Graphics Standards) Basis for appropriateness analysis

27. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 1009 (Don) Norman’s Model 1009 Seven Stages of Interaction Goal, Intention, Specification, Execution Perceive, Interpret, Evaluate (often in parallel) Need to support all stages/levels Goal and intention (CW Q1), interpretation and evaluation(CW Q4) only exist in system as prompts, labels, instructional text, help etc. Specification (CW Qs 2 & 3), execution and perception exist within the system

28. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 1012 Feedback and Evaluation 1012 Interpretation and evaluation need to be supported at all levels of interaction keystroke (e.g., mouse press) interaction step (e.g., selection) task step (e.g., completed command) task and activity (e.g., confirmation display) Principles of closed loop control

29. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 1015 Closed Loop Control 1015 User Action, System Response, User Decision, User Action, System Response... Decision = evaluate last step, get next step, specify next step System response should support decision making at all levels of interaction after key-press, interaction step, task step, task, activity

30. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 1018 Logical Input Types 1018 Four broad groups (simplification) Selection (of dynamic set of objects) Choice (of fixed set of options) Manipulation (of graphical objects) Specification (of value, information) Select physical controls for a logical type on the basis of task needs e.g., when can choices be typed?

31. COMM1P6COMM1P6 SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001 1021 Summary 1021 Good Information Presentation Optimise use of specific media for communication in all its aspects Support interaction at all levels from pressing to evaluating Good Interaction Design Ensure that users remain in control and can manage progress and all aspects of quality for tasks within their embracing activities