1. Goal 11Part 5 Civil Rights Movement

2. Challenging Segregation in COURT Thurgood Marshall VERY FIRST African American Supreme Court Justice “Civil Rights Justice” Sweatt V. Painter - state schools must allow African American students, EVEN if separate African American schools exist Brown V. Board of Education - No more segregation in schools - overturned Plessy V. Ferguson - violated Equal Protection Clause of 14 th AMENDMENT

3. Crisis in Little Rock 1948 – Arkansas (1 st state to ordered to admit African American students to state universities) Governor of Arkansas supported segregation (Jim Crow era) and sends in the National Guard to turn away the “LITTLE ROCK NINE”  9 African American students who volunteered for the NAACP whose mission was to “integrate” Little Rock High School / it worked  Federal government OVER State government Arkansas National Guard under federal control

4. Little Rock Nine (left behind)

5. Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks THE ROSA PARKS EVENT STARTS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Bus driver asked them to get up for a white man – Rosa Parks refused VERY IMPORTANT *The Rosa Parks situation starts the Montgomery Bus Boycott * - African Americans choose to NOT ride busses (hurts economy of busing industry = nonviolent) Leader of M. B. B. = Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

6. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Sponsored NONVIOLENCE / “Soul Force” Civil Disobedience (Henry Thoreau) Def: ______________________________________ Leads to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - Student protesters (non violent student activism) - SNCC helped spread the hope and ideas of the civil rights Movement

7. Demonstrations / Congress of Racial Equality C.O.R.E – “Congress of Racial Equality” Original purpose: attack urban segregation *WWII C.O.R.E. = held the very first SIT-IN = African American protesters sat down at segregated lunch tables and refused to leave until they were served! First Sit-IN = North Carolina A & T students in Greensboro, NC Response: South – violence Protesters – NON-violence

8. “Greensboro 4” (above)

9. Triumphs of a Crusade Freedom Riders – African American protesters that would sit in segregated areas on buses (on purpose) WANTED to provoke a violent reaction (Kennedy admin. could get involved and enforce laws)

11. Integrating Ole Miss 1962 James Meredith – won a “federal court decision” to be admitted to an all-white university in Mississippi He had to face Governor Ross Barnett Remember: State v. Fed Result: Federal troop escorts / 15 hour riot / hatred…etc.

12. Hatred spreads to Alabama Birmingham (Bombingham)  1957-1963 -18 bombings (all over racial issues)  TOTAL segregation in public life  Police Commissioner = Eugene “BULL” Conner / “Children’s Crusade”  May 2 – 1,000s of African American children led a march in Birmingham, Alabama MLK got arrested and was sent to jail LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL Spoke of non-violence / civil disobedience

13. Birmingham, Alabama Result of Children’s March

14. Marching on Washington Dreams of Equality – 250,000 African American men, women and children (75,000 white people) marched in Washington -“I have a dream” Speech

15. Freedom Summer and March on SELMA (1965) Freedom Summer: C.O.R.E and SNCC put together a committee to “register African Americans” for their right to vote! March on Selma (VOTING MARCH) leads to the passing of the RESULT of Selma March: Voting Rights Act of 1965 (GREAT SOCIETY / LBJ) no literacy test

17. De Facto vs. De Jure (segregation) & Malcolm X De Facto = segregation in your mind, soul and practice (Ex. White flight) De Jure = segregation by law (Ex. Plessy V. Ferguson) ********** DE JURE SEGREGATION “ENDED” DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ****************************************************** NEW LEADER / DIFFERENT BELIEF SYSTEM *****Malcolm X – sponsored VIOLENCE– COMPLETE OPPOSITE OF MLK (NON) “If you think we are here to tell you we love the white man, you have come to the wrong place” - Malcolm X - Studied the teaching of Elijah Muhammad, the head of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) Result of teachings: African American pride!

18. BLACK POWER Stokely Carmichael - coined the phrase “Black Power” Battle cry of “militant” Civil Rights Activists - Develop African Amer. Pride!!!!!

19. Black Panthers Oakland, California Protested police brutality in African American neighborhoods Argued: self-sufficiency for African American communities

20. BLACK PANTHERS

21. Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Fair Housing Act  Prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental or financing of “HOUSING”  Film and political gains  Political voice

22. Affirmative Action *(Very important) Point: to help equalize education and job opportunities - government programs in the 1960s to make “special” or “conscientious” efforts to hire or enroll cultures that have suffered from discrimination in the past! MAIN RESULT: REVERSE – DISCRIMINATION / White discrimination - depriving of opportunities of whit people Regents of University of California V. Bakke Race and gender can STILL be considered for admissions - affirmative Action is constitutional…but NOOOOOOOO Quotas!!!!

23. Reverse Discrimination (Side Effect of Affirmative Action)