1. Sec 2

2.  Freedom Riders  New Volunteers ◦ SNCC takes up cause of Freedom Riders  “Bull” Connor  Birmingham, AL police commissioner  Beat Freedom Riders  “15 minute rule”

3. ◦ Involvement of Federal Marshals  Police wouldn’t protect riders  400 U.S. Marshals ordered to protect riders to Jackson, Mississippi ◦ Segregation banned in all interstate travel facilities

4.  Integrating Ole Miss ◦ James Meredith  Wins court cases allowing him to enroll in all-white college  Gov. Ross Barnet refused to let him register  JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith ◦ Riots break out on campus

5.  Heading into Birmingham ◦ Most segregated city in America ◦ MLK and Fred Shuttlesworth plan march  Marchers attacked by Bull Connor on Apr. 12, 1963  King writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”  May 2 – “Children’s March”

7. ◦ Results  Birmingham ends segregation  Convinced JFK that new civil rights act was necessary to end disorder and satisfy demands for racial justice

8.  Kennedy takes a stand ◦ June 11, 1963  Forces Alabama Gov. George Wallace to desegregate U. of Alabama ◦ Demanded sweeping civil rights bill

9.  Jackson, Mississippi  Killed on June 12, 1963 ◦ Byron De La Beckwith ◦ Member of the White Citizens' Council and Ku Klux Klan

10.  Dream of Equality ◦ Aug. 28, 1963  250,000 gather in Washington, DC  MLK gives “Dream” speech

12.  More Violence ◦ 16 th Street Baptist Church bombed  Kills 4 girls ◦ Nov. 22, 1963 – JFK assassinated

14.  July 2, 1964 ◦ Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender

15.  Freedom Summer ◦ SNCC volunteers trained in nonviolent resistance ◦ Robert Moses leads SNCC  Works to register black voters in Mississippi  3 workers killed – “Mississippi Burning”  KKK

16.  Voting Rights Act of 1965 ◦ Eliminated literacy test ◦ Federal examiners could enroll denied voters