1. Introduction to Human Body
Chapter 35

2. Background Vocabulary
Anatomy- Study of Structure
Physiology- Study of the body’s functions
Cytology- Study of the formation, structure, and function of cells
Histology- Study of tissues

3. Tissue: Groups of cells with a
common structure and function
Organ: Collection of tissues
that work together to perform
a particular function
Organ system: Groups of
organs that function together to
carry out a major activity of the body

4. Levels of organization
Atom- Molecule- Macromolecule- organelle
oxygen- water- protein- mitochondria
Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism
Animal- muscular- heart- circulatory- human

5. Characteristics of life (Chapter 1)
Are highly organized and contain complex substances
Are made of cells
Use energy
Have a definite form and limited size

6. Characteristics (continued…)
Have a limited life span
Grow
Respond to change in the environment
Reproduce
Evolve (as a group not as an individual)

7. Characteristics of Life
Growth and repair
Reproduction
Limited Life Span
Made of cells
Evolve
Use energy
Respond to changes
Organized
Definite size and form

8. Life processes Nutrition – digest and use nutrients
Transport – w/in cells and between cells
Respire – cellular and external, release energy
Synthesis – proteins, DNA, and metabolism
Growth – increase in size
Excretion – getting rid of waste
Regulation – homeostasis, a body in balance

9. Tissue 1. Epithelial
Covering, lining, glandular tissues

10. 2. Connective
Protect, support, bind

11. 3. Muscular
Movement, support, heat

12. 4. Nervous
Control

14. 11 Organ Systems Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Nervous

15. Integumentary Structures: skin and structures derived from it
hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protect underlying tissue, eliminate waste, sense
Senses: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch

17. Skeletal Structure: All the bones of the body including associated
cartilage’s and joints.
Functions: Support and protect
the body, produce blood cells,
and store minerals.

18. Muscular Structures: All muscles of the body including skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac
Functions: Movement,
posture, heat.

19. Digestive Structures: The organs of the alimentary canal and organs
associated with it.
Functions: Physical and
chemical breakdown of food,
and elimination of solid
food waste.

20. Urinary
Structure: Organs which produce, collect , and eliminate urine.
Functions: Regulate the chemistry of the blood, eliminate liquid waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate the pH of the body.

22. Reproductive
Structures: Organs which produce, transport, and store sex cells.
Functions: Continuation of the individuals genes and the species.

23. Endocrine Structures: All glands which produce hormones.
Functions: Regulate body
activities

24. Cardiovascular Structures: blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Distribute oxygen and nutrients, carry away carbon dioxide and waste, maintain pH, protect against disease, and regulate temperature.

26. Lymphatic
Structures: Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
Functions: Return proteins to the blood, filter blood, process blood cells, protect against disease.

28. Respiratory Structures: Lungs and passageways into and out of them.
Functions: Supply oxygen
and eliminate carbon
dioxide from the tissues.

29. Nervous Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous organs.
Functions: Regulate body
activities and respond to
the environment.

30. Our First System: Integumentary

31. Structures Skin Nails Glands Sense Receptors largest organ of the body
About 6 lbs, 2 m2
.5 mm/week
2 cm/year
Protection
Moisture
Sweat and Oil
Touch
Pain
Pressure
Temperature

32. Functions Protection from invasion, drying, light
Control of body temperature
Receive stimuli from the environment
Excrete water and salts (sweat)
Synthesis of Vitamin D

33. Epidermis 4 layers everywhere except palms and soles
Palms and soles have 5 layers
It takes 27 days on average for a cell to form in the basale layer, move to the corneum and be sloughed off
You lose 9g of skin each day

35. Keratin (waterproofing) Stratum spinosum Cells form columns to move up
Stratum corneum
Dead cells, rows
Stratum lucidum
Palms and soles only
Stratum granulosum
Keratin (waterproofing)
Stratum spinosum
Cells form columns to move up
Stratum basale
New cell growth

37. Skin Color Caucasians Darker Skin Asians
Basale, spinosum, and granulosum contain melanin (produced by melanocytes)
pink color due to blood in the Dermis layer
Darker Skin
Have melanin produce in all cell layers, evenly
Asians
Melanin and carotene in the corneum layer

40. More to the Epidermis! Touch Receptors – Merkel’s disk
Light touch and pressure
Free nerve endings
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

41. Dermis
Connective tissue- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Papillary region:
Meissners corpuscles = light touch
Pacinian corpuscles = vibration and pressure
Ruffini’s corpuscles = continuous touch and pressure
All three of these receptors can send pain signals!!!

43. Reticular Region Adipose tissue = fat Sudoriferous glands = sweat
Sebaceous glands = sebum (oil)

44. 3
4. Pore (sweat)
5. Stratum corneum 2
7. Sebaceous gland 8. 1
9. Sudoriferous gland
6. Nerve (not shown on this picture)

45. Hair Protection from sun, dust, wind
An individual hair will grow 2-6 years then fall out
Hair is dead and filled with keratin
Turning gray is a loss of this pigment
Growth varies: Typically .3 mm/day
Does not grow continuously

48. Sebaceous glands
Release sebum to lubricate and moisten hair and keep the skin moist, soft, and pliable
Muscle- arrector pili produces goose bumps (vestigial structure)
Cold
Fear

49. Sudoriferous Glands- Sweat glands
Eccrine – originally found only in foot cells, but now cool the entire body
Sweat – water, salt, and urea (urine)
Apocrine – cover the fetus, but lost after 5 mos., stay in the armpit, pubic area, navel, nipples, and ears
Active at puberty
Oil and protein

51. Nails Keratin – Same material in hooves and scales
2 cm/year (1mm/week)
Does not grow after you are dead

53. Burn, Baby, Burn Causes heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation
Local effects :
Large loss of water
Infection
Reduced circulation
Decrease urine output

54. Degrees? What do they mean?
effects epidermis only (red)
regenerates rapidly
Effects epidermis and dermis
Blisters
Epidermis and dermis destroyed
Blackened tissue, regen. Slow, scarring

57. Percent burns