1. ESS 303 - Biomechanics Basic Movements and The Skeletal System

2. Basic Movements Head: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, R/L Lateral Flexion, R/L Rotation, & Circumduction Trunk: Same as above Shoulder: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperabduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction

3. Basic Movements (Cont.) Sternoclavicular: Elevation & Depression Acromioclavicular: Abduction, Adduction (Protraction & Retraction), & Upward/Downward Rotation Elbow: Flexion, Extension, & Hyperextension Radioulnar: Pronation, & Supination Wrist: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Radial Flexion, Ulnar Flexion, & Circumduction

4. Basic Movements (Cont.) Metacarpophalangeal (Fingers): Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction Thumb Interphalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Carpometacarpal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Opposition, & Circumduction Metacarpophalangeal: Flexion & Extension

5. Basic Movements (Cont.) Hip: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction Knee: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, & Med/Lat Rotation Ankle: Plantar Flexion, Dorsiflexion Intertarsal: Inversion, & Eversion

6. Basic Movements (Cont.) Metatarsophalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction Interphalangeal: Flexion, & Extension

7. Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

8. Internal Structure of Bone Epiphyseal line Medulary Cavity Epiphysis Diaphysis Spongy Trabeculae Compact

9. Internal Structure of Bone

11. Bone Remodeling Cycle

12. Stress & Tissue Adaptation (Remodeling) Pathological Overload Zone Distress (Injury) Overload Zone Eustress (Adaptation) Physiological Loading Zone Maintenance Under-loading Zone Distress (Atrophy)

13. Stress & Strain Stress: Force within a structure (internal) divided by the cross-sectional area Strain: Measured deformation of an object as a result of stress Linear: A change in the object’s length Shear: A change in an object’s orientation of adjacent molecules

14. Stress Strain

15. Stress Strain

16. Basic Types Tension: Tensile Stress & Strain (Stretching) Stress Strain

18. Basic Types Compressive Stress & Strain Stress Strain

20. Basic Types Shear Stress & Strain Stress Strain

22. Mechanical Loads: Bending

23. Mechanical Loads: Torsion

25. Types of Bone Long (Femur) Short (Carpals) Flat (Scapula & Ribs) Irregular (Skull & Vertebrae) Sesamoid (Patella)

26. Articulations Synarthrodial (Sutures of skull) Amphiarthrodial (Between vertebrae) Diarthrodial (Common)

27. Planes & Axes

28. Sagittal Plane (Anterioposterior or Median) Transverse Plane (Horizontal) Frontal Plane (Coronal)

29. Sagittal-Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis Frontal-Horizontal Axis