1. Dihybrid Crosses Genetic Continuity, Mendel and Multiple Traits

2. Lesson Objectives Minds ON Recap – Lab, Chi Square, Null Hypothesis Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Practice Take up homework New homework

3. Minds ON Looking at this image, what can we assume the genotype of the parents is? What would we call this? Rest of pea video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mehz7tCxjSE

4. Yesterday’s Recap Mom and Dad Children I want to make sure we are clear on the generational names. This is a MONOHYBRID. Grandma and Grandpa

5. Yesterday’s Recap Null hypothesis: means that there is no relationship between the observed and expected results; the result of chance Chi Square Table: Think of this as a percentage; the closer it is to 1.0, the closer it is to the expected result

6. For Lab So, if you hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between the observed results and expected results (close to a 3:1 ratio), then you would REJECT the null hypothesis. However, if you hypothesized that there would be no significant relationship between the observed results and expected results (not 3:1 ratio), then you would ACCEPT the null hypotheses. NOTE: The words “significant” and “not significant” can be ignored on the bottom of the Chi Square sheet (should be “Good Fit / Poor Fit”)

7. Monohybrid Cross The crossing of two individuals who are heterozygous for ONE trait (i.e. creates F2 generation) We are only looking at one trait (colour, etc.) hence “MONO” (=1) Hybrid Hybrid = combo of two varieties

8. Dihybrid Cross Refers to the crossing of two individuals who are both heterozygous for TWO traits (e.g. PpTt x PPTT) Assumes that these traits are on different genes and can occur at the same time. E.g. Pod colour and seed colour

9. Possible Gametes Parent 1 genotype is: AaBb Parent 2 genotype is: AaBb x2

10. Dihybrid Crosses Passing on more than one characteristic at a time Phenotypic Ratio: 9:3:3:1

11. Back to Mendel and Meiosis… Independent Assortment The possible combinations produced are determined by how the tetrads line up in meiosis I. This is called Independent Assortment and Mendel’s 4 th Postulate.

12. Back to Mendel… F1 Generation (Mom and Dad) P1 Generation (Grandma and Grandpa) F2 Generation (kids) Dyhybrid Cross Dihybrid

13. Let’s Try Something… Fill in the chart with the appropriate possibilities of offspring genotypes for this dihybrid cross.

14. Answer: SYSysYsy SYSSYYSSYySsYYSsYy SySSYySSyySsYySsyy sYSsYYSsYyssYYssYy sySsYySsyyssYyssyy

15. Try this… What are the phenotypic ratios for: Yellow, round: Yellow, wrinkled: Green, round: Green, wrinkled:

16. Answer: SY ¼ Sy ¼ sY ¼ Sy ¼ SY ¼ SSYY 1/16 SSYy 1/16 SsYY 1/16 SsYy 1/16 Sy ¼ SSYy 1/16 Ssyy 1/16 SsYy 1/16 Ssyy 1/16 sY ¼ SsYY 1/16 SsYy 1/16 ssYY 1/16 ssYy 1/16 Sy ¼ SsYy 1/16 Ssyy 1/16 ssYy 1/16 Ssyy 1/16 What are the phenotypic ratios for: Yellow, round: 9/16 Yellow, wrinkled: 3/16 Green, round: 3/16 Green, wrinkled: 1/16 Therefore: 9:3:3:1 Genotypic ratio: 1:

17. Take Up Homework Monohybrid Sheet Genetic Questions Check time!!

18. Homework Dihybrid genetics sheet The rest of the Hybrid sheet The Punnett Squares sheet