1. WARM UP #1 1/14 Investigators figure out the time of death (estimated) through different observations of the body. The following are some ways – see if you can figure out how they use it to find the time of death. 1.Insects 2.Temperature of body 3.Color of body 4.Rigor mortis (what is it?) 5.The eye 6.Contents in digestive track

2. Ch 3 Notes #1 TIME OF DEATH Part 1: mortis 1/14

3. UNDERSTANDING WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BODY AFTER DEATH CAN HELP ESTABLISH TIME OF DEATH Why establish the time of death? To check the alibi, manner of death, and events of the crime EX: fire – did they die before or after the fire? in water - drowned or killed first? EX: Were was the person 8 hrs before?

4. How a forensic scientist/ pathologist estimates time of death 1.Find out when they were last seen 2.Amount of rigor mortis 3.Livor mortis 4.Algor mortis stage 5.Degree of putrefaction 6.Amount of food in stomach and digestion 7.Vitreous humor amount 8.insects

5. RIGOR MORTIS – the stiffening of muscles after death RIGHT AFTER DEATH: muscles relaxed 3 HOURS later: stiffen head down 12 HOURS : whole body stiff 24 HOURS: starts to reverse 36 HOURS: rigor mortis is gone

6. Why muscles get stiff? LACTIC ACID buildup from lack of O2 in muscles Why muscles become flaccid (relaxed)? Cells in the muscle break down from enzymes

9. Cadaveric spasm – muscle rigidity (stiffness) right after death. Ex: clutching a weapon

10. LIVOR MORTIS – settling of blood after death Heart stops and blood stops moving Blood pools downward in body (toward the ground) ½ - 1 HOUR after death – skin reddish as blood moves out of vessels 6-10 HOURS - bruised look on side toward ground 10-12 HOURS after death “fixed” – blood no longer moves

11. How to tell if body moved after death Bruised look is upward or on both sides

15. ALGOR MORTIS – decrease in body temperature after death Muscles make heat for our body: 98.6 After death : muscles not working, so body cools 10-12” thermometer is placed into the abdomen in the liver area to take dead body temp.

16. Diagram showing how liver temperature, relative to room temperature, determines time of death. Since the temperature of a dead body falls at about one-and-a half degrees per hour, the 87 degree liver temperature indicates death at 6-7 hours before.

17. Body drops on average of 1.5 per hour 98.6 – dead body temperature = estimated time 1.5 of death

18. EXAMPLE Body found at scene is 82.4. Approximately how long have they been dead? 98.6 – 82.4 = 16.2/1.5 = 10.8 hours 1.5 (.8 X 60min) = 48 min 10 hours 48 minutes

19. EXAMPLE 2 If the victim has been dead for 8 hours, what temperature would you expect the body to be? 98.6 - X = 8 98.6 – X = 8(1.5) 1.5 98.6 – X = 12 -98.6 - 98.6 - X = - 86.6 X = 86.6

20. Rate of cooling affected by: 1.Environment – climate 2.Size of body 3.Clothing and coverings 4.Water or wetness 5.Wind and humidity * To be more precise, take temp and then temp one hour later to see the rate that it is going down (use this number instead of 1.5)