1. Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program http://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu

2. Selecting Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species for Wind Resistance Eliana Kampf Mary Duryea

3. Study Methodology Results Lists of wind resistance Recommendations for a healthy urban forest

4. Andrew 165 mph 1992 Georges 110 mph 1998 Katrina 125 mph 2005 Rita 120 mph 2005 Ivan 130 mph 2004 Opal 125 mph 1995 Erin 85 mph 1995 Dennis 120 mph 2005 Charley 145 mph 2004 Puerto Rico Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Georgia Hurricanes Measured in Study Funding: FL DOT and DOF, USDA Forest Service Jeanne 120 mph 2004

5. SE Coastal Plain Subtropical & Tropical

6. Urban neighborhoods randomly chosen at point of landfall All trees along streets were measured Standing, leaning or fallen Measured dbh, height for palms Defoliation, branch damage Methodology

7. Surveyed 240 arborists, urban foresters, forest scientists Asked them to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance Wind and Trees Survey

8. Hurricane Charley (145 mph) * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape black olive longleaf pine 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Senegal date* areca palm bald cypress manila palm washingtonia sabal palm royal palm laurel oak sea grape SFL slash pine live oak coconut palm strangler fig Survival (%) Tree species LSD=30% citrus pigmy date camphor* gumbo limbo Australian pine** melaleuca** Norfolk I. pine queen palm*** Results

9. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 live oak camphor* Branches Lost (Mean %) LSD=32% laurel oak longleaf pine Australian pine** Norfolk Is. pine melaleuca** gumbo limbo sea grape S.FL slash pine black olive bald cypress citrus * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida Tree species Hurricane Charley (145 mph) strangler fig Results

10. Survival (Recalculated) (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Tree species pigmy date manila palm sabal palm bald cypress washingtonia royal palm queen palm*** camphor* Norfolk Is. pine laurel oak live oak black olive Australian pine** longleaf pine gumbo limbo sea grape S.FL slash pine strangler fig melaleuca** LSD=20% Senegal date* coconut palm citrus areca palm * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph)

11. Dicots 57% survival in Charley 68% survival in Andrew 89% survival in Charley 84% survival in Andrew Black olive Gumbo Limbo

12. Oaks in North FL Sand live oak Live oakLaurel Survival (%) 0 Erin (85 mph) Dennis (120 mph) Opal (125 mph) Ivan (130 mph) 20 40 60 80 100 P<0.001 Dicots

13. survival branch loss re-calculated survival No statistical difference for Jeanne and Charley: Oaks in South FL Dicots

14. Charley: 88% palms vs. 77% others Jeanne: 86% palms vs. 76% others Sabal, Manila, areca and pigmy date palms had ≥ 89% survival after hurricanes Charley, Jeanne, Georges and Andrew Usually more resistant to winds than dicots Palms

15. 110120145165 Wind Speed (mph) Survival (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 SabalRoyalWashingtonCoconut Queen

16. Charley: 95% survival Bald cypress Sand pine Jeanne: only 4% survival Erin: 61% survival Opal: 58% survival Conifers

17. Jeanne: 90% survival Charley: 79% survival Andrew: 73% survival Conifers S. FL slash pine Charley: 57% survival Ivan: 59% survival Erin: 90% survival Opal: 94% survival Longleaf pine

18. Conifers Continue to die after hurricanes S. FL slash: lost an additional 27% Longleaf: lost an additional 48%

19. **** NS 0 20 40 60 80 100 JeanneAndrewCharleyGeorges **** Native species Exotic species Hurricane Survival (%) **** NS Native vs. Exotic Trees

20. 85 surveys (35%) were returned Combining: our study results survey scientific literature Lists of Wind Resistance

21.  Scientific NameCommon Name Wind Resistance HighMediumLow n%n%n% Total n Chrysobalanus icacococoplum 18785220023 Magnolia grandifloraSE magnolia 45829161255 Quercus geminatasand live oak 3692251339 Quercus laurifolialaurel oak 342739 5769 Quercus virginianalive oak 64898110072 Tabebuia chrysotricagolden trumpet 27518217128 Taxodium ascendenspond cypress 4191490041 Taxodium distichumbald cypress 5991690065 Roystonea elataroyal palm 1956102951534 Sabal palmettocabbage palm 7199110072 Syagrus romanzoffianaqueen palm 5101733295751 * statistically significant Wind and Trees Survey – Results

22. Highest Wind Resistance Dicots Bursera simaruba, gumbo limbo Carya floridana, FL scrub hickory Conocarpus erectus, buttonwood Chrysobalanus icaco, cocoplum Cordia sebestena, geiger tree Eugenia axillaris, white stopper Eugenia confusa, redberry Eugenia foetida, boxleaf stopper Ilex cassine, dahoon holly Krugiodendron ferreum, ironwood Lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle Podocarpus spp, podocarpus Guaiacum sanctum, lignum vitae Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia Quercus virginiana, live oak Quercus geminata, sand live oak Conifers Taxodium distichum, baldcypress Taxodium ascendens, pondcypress Palms Butia capitata, pindo Dypsis lutescens, areca Coccothrinax argentata, FL silver Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, bottle Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, spindle Latania loddigesii, blue latan Livistona chinensis, Chinese fan c Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date Medium-High Wind Resistance Dicots Annona glabra, pond apple Calophyllum calaba, Brazilian beautyleaf c Chrysophyllum oliviforme, satinleaf Coccoloba uvifera, sea grape Coccoloba diversifolia, pigeon plum Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum Lysiloma latsiliquum, wild tamarind Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia Nyssa sylvatica, black tupelo Sideroxylon foetidissimum, mastic Simarouba glauca, paradise tree Swietenia mahagoni, mahogany Palms Caryota mitis, fishtail Cocos nucifera, coconut Dypsis decaryi, triangle Roystonea elata, royal Fruit Trees Litchi chinensis, lychee Phoenix dactylifera, date Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date b Phoenix roebelenii, pygmy date Ptychosperma elegans, Alexander Sabal palmetto, cabbage Thrinax morrisii, key thatch Thrinax radiata, Florida thatch Adonidia merrillii, Manila a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

23. Lowest Wind Resistance Dicots Casuarina equisetifolia, Australian pine a Cassia fistula, golden shower Chorisia speciosa, floss-silk tree Ficus benjamina, weeping banyan Grevillea robusta, silk oak Jacaranda mimosifolia, jacaranda Melaleuca quinquenervia, melaleuca a Quercus nigra, water oak Peltophorum pterocarpa, yellow poinciana Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherry Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallow a Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptree Tabebuia caraiba, silver trumpet tree Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese elm Conifers Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine xCupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypress Juniperus silicicola, southern red cedar Pinus clausa, sand pine Palms Syagrus romanzoffiana, queen c Washingtonia robusta, Washington fan Fruit Trees Persea americana, avocado Medium-Low Wind Resistance Dicots Acer rubrum, red maple Bauhinia blakeana, Hong-Kong orchid Bucidas buceras, black olive Callistemon spp, bottlebrush Cinnamomum camphora, camphor b Delonix regia, royal poinciana c Enterolobium cyclocarpum, ear tree Eriobotrya japonica, loquat c Ficus aurea, strangler fig Kigelia pinnata, sausage tree Eucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus Quercus laurifolia, laurel oak Myrica cerifera, wax myrtle Persea borbonia, redbay Platanus occidentalis, sycamore Tabebuia heterophylla, pink trumpet tree Terminalia catappa, tropical almond c Conifers Pinus elliottii var. densa, slash pine Pinus palustris, longleaf pine Fruit Trees Averrhoa carambola, star-fruit, carambola Citrus spp, oranges, limes, grapefruit Mangifera indica, mango a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

24. Recommendations for a healthy urban forest Consider soil depth, water depth and compaction When Establishing New Trees: Plant a mixture of species, ages and layers Plant trees from the highest and medium-high WR lists Give trees adequate rooting space: small trees - at least 3 x 3 m large trees - at least 10 x 10 m Plant trees in groups as opposed to individually Establish a structural pruning program early on Plant high quality trees with good structure Give trees adequate aerial space when mature

25. Consult with a certified arborist or urban forester When Managing Older Trees: Remove hazard trees Consider removing trees on the lowest WR list Know the life span of your tree Prune trees regularly Be aware of root damage during construction Have tree health evaluated Recommendations for a healthy urban forest