1. Coasting in WLTP Bosch proposal Invented for life
WLTP-08-32e_annex
comfortable
safe
clean and
efficient
Invented for life
Coasting in WLTP
Bosch proposal
WLTP-Coasting Task Force,
Dr. Ansgar Christ
Gasoline Systems, Advanced & System Engineering Customer
Gasoline Systems
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2. Agenda Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
General outline of BOSCH proposal
BOSCH Algorithm
Calculation Sequence: Step-by-Step
Post-Calculation & Corrections
Sensitivity on Coasting Time Share
Coasting Share
Definition of Coastig Time Share & BOSCH real world results
Operating Strategy
Coasting impact on pollutant Emissions
Time resolved fuel consumption
State-of-the-art
Proposal & Correction method
Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy while TA
Next Steps & Work Packages
Gasoline Systems
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3. Methodology to determine Coasting Benefit
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Methodology to determine Coasting Benefit
General outline of BOSCH proposal:
Coasting is applied “virtually” in phases with low engine power demands
Using same measurement of the vehicle on dyno according to WLTP type approval testing conditions
Time resolved recording of fuel consumption necessary
Identify periods with low power demands using a power threshold & mark these phases as Coasting periods.
e.g. choose the power threshold so that Coasting time share matches real life.
Subtract fuel consumption* for identified Coasting periods from the original fuel consumption
Aus Vortrag rausgenommen, um nicht unnötig zu verwirren Two corrections necessary: for engine restarts & balanced power net load
* Coasting w/ engine idling consumption at idle / Coasting w/ engine off  zero
Gasoline Systems
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4. Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
based on vehicle speed:
calculate power needed for vehicle movement
Acceleration Pacc = m a v
Friction Pfric = v * Ffric
Pdrv = Pacc + Pfric
Potential
coasting events
Gasoline Systems
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5. Calculation Sequence Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal INPUT ALGORITHM
OUTPUT
Measurement data
vehicle parameter: mass, friction, …
vehicle speed
fuel consumption (mass flow)
Pre-Calculation
vehicle driving power
acceleration
Limitations
vmin, vmax
amin, amax
Restrict data points
Vehicle speed in range
Acceleration in range
Determine Coasting Phases
Identify data points i w/ vehicle power demand < power threshold
calculate coasting time (sum of data points)
preset Pthreshold
coasting time share
tcoast
time share reached?
NO: increase power threshold
Post-Calculation
Replace fuel consumption of data points i w/
coasting w/ engine on  idle consumption
coasting w/ engine off  zero consumption
idle consumption
mfidle
coasting benefit
S replaced fuel consumptions
Gasoline Systems
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6. Calculation Sequence: Post-Calculation
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Calculation Sequence: Post-Calculation
Replacement of measured fuel mass flow mfi
Coasting w/ engine on  idle consumption mfidle
Coasting w/ engine off  zero consumption
Idle Coasting (IDC) capable vehicle
For all “Coasting data points i”: mfi is replaced with mfidle
Overall Coasting Benefit: S (mfi – mfidle)
Start/Stop Coasting (SSC) capable vehicle
Coasting events w/ engine on and engine off occur depending on implemented strategy (e.g. time delay before switching engine off)
Distribution S (tEng On)  S (tEng Off) necessary input data, e.g  based on BOSCH measurements
Overall Coasting Benefit: S (mfi – mfSSC); mfSSC = mfidle * S (tEng On) / S (tcoast)
Gasoline Systems
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7. Calculation Sequence: Post-Calculation
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Calculation Sequence: Post-Calculation
Additional Corrections
Battery State-of-Charge (SOC)
IDC alternator load in idle fuel consumption to be taken into account
SSC compensation of battery discharge during SSC periods
Proposed Method:
use average powernet load and efficiencies of alternator and storage  electric energy
use average efficiency of combustion engine (Willans approach)  fuel mass
values to be supplied for type approval authority
subtract additional fuel from (uncorrected) coasting benefit
Engine start and acceleration to target speed
IDC, SSC fuel mass necessary for engine acceleration from idle to gearbox input speed
SSC fuel mass necessary for engine start
use average number of coasting events per km (i.e. acceleration and reconnecting of engine)
use additional fuel mass per coasting event
Gasoline Systems
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8. Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Pthreshold = 2 kW
Pthreshold = 6 kW
15% coasting time share
22% coasting time share
IDC: 3.6 g/km (2.4%)
SSC: 9.4 g/km (6.3%)
IDC: 9.6 g/km (6.4%)
SSC: 18 g/km (12.1%)
Reference: WLTC measurement on test bench, Audi A3 1.4L TSI, MT6
Gasoline Systems
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9. Operating Strategy Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
BOSCH Operation Strategy as implemented in Bosch democars w/ Manual Transmission. No usage of predictive data (e.g. navigation, ACC, traffic, …).
Coasting if conditions are fulfilled & as soon as driver releases gas pedal & no other pedal is pressed
Operating Concept
gas=0
brake=0
clutch=0
open powertrain
engine off or idle
gas
start/accelerate engine
close powertrain
brake
(overrun 
fuel cut off / recu)
clutch
clutch follows driver‘s intend
Coasting conditions
20 km/h < v_vehicle < ~140 km/h
1000 rpm < n_engine < 3500 rpm
gear ≥2 = Coasting w/ eng. idling
gear ≥3 = Coasting w/ eng. off
&
t=1s 50
100
150
200
250
v_vehicle
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
n_engine
>0
>0
>0
Operating Strategy can have influence on Coasting Share
Gasoline Systems
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10. Coasting Share  CO2 Benefit in WLTC
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Coasting Share  CO2 Benefit in WLTC
BOSCH Proposal: Variation of coasting time share
variation of power threshold and resulting fuel benefit
10 kW
6 kW
4 kW
3 kW
2 kW
1 kW
Pthreshold=0.1 kW
A3_WLTC.xlsx: '2012_10_16_A3_Yoshi_WLTC_SiG_Ref_01.mat‘
mf_idle = 0.18 g/s, 200W powernet
Reference: Data WLTC measurement on test bench, Audi A3 1.4L TSI, MT6
Time resolved fuel consumption measured by test bench equipment (sample rate1 Hz)
Gasoline Systems
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11. Coasting Share Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
engine
speed
engine
off
CoM
SSC
Definition of “Coasting Time/Distance Share”
= phases with powertrain open
incl. Change-of-Mind cases
Based on total cycle duration with vehicle
speed ≥0km/h for “Coasting Time Share” (CTS)
or total driven distance of cycle for “Coasting Distance Share” (CDS)
BOSCH conducted measurements to analyse Coasting CO2-benefit & share for some real world test cycles & for different vehicles
Focus on compact class (Audi A3 1.4L DI t/c, 90W, 6-speed MT & Citroen C4, 1.5L TDI, 90kW, 5-speed MT) & lower middle class vehicles (VW Passat 1.4L DI t/c, 90kW, 7-speed DCT)
“FKFS cycle”, representing statistical vehicle usage in Germany (EU),
BOSCH internal “Farmingtion Hills Cycle” for USA
Proband-studies & instructed professional drivers
engine
start
re-fire
limit =0
Coasting
indicated
powertrain
open
Coasting Phase
Gasoline Systems
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12. FKFS real world driving route
Coasting in WLTC/Bosch Proposal
FKFS real world driving route
publication, 2011 [1]: annual mileage in Germany for passenger cars
routing
city
out-of-city
highway
FKFS road share
altitude profile
Typical German “commuter cycle” worked out w/ University Stuttgart
for real-life CO2-benefit analyses with probands
duration: 73min, length: 61km
In use at BOSCH since 2002
elevation above
sea level [m]
Distance [km]
260 m
Gasoline Systems
[1] P. Rumbolz: “Untersuchung der Fahrereinflüsse auf den Energieverbrauch und die Potentiale von verbrauchsreduzierenden Verzögerungsassistenzfunktionen beim PkW”“, Dissertation, Universität Stuttgart, 2013
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13. Comparison: BOSCH real world vs. official cycle
Coasting in WLTC/Bosch Proposal
Comparison: BOSCH real world vs. official cycle
Characteristic parameters & speed distribution of NEDC, WLTC and FKFS
sources
NEDC
WLTC V5.3
FKFS
Literature
[1] [2] [3]
BOSCH
measurements*
Distance km
11.02
23.26
61.3
Duration s
1180
1800
4325
Duration stop phase %
24,8
13.4
10.8
max. speed
km/h
120
131.3
124.24
average speed w/o stops
44.6
53.8
57.2
average speed w/ stops
33.6
46.5 51
max. average acceleration
m/s²
1.05
1.67
3.83
max. average deceleration
-1.39
-1.5
-4.09
average acceleration
0.59
0.41
0.42
average deceleration
-0.79
-0.44
-0.41
Relative positive acceleration (RPA)
kWs/
(kg*km)
0.1114
0.1524
0.155
* Audi A3 1.4L DI t/c 4cyl, 90W, 6-speed MT, average values for 16 probands, normal Coasting
[1] G. Brunetti, L. Disarò, M. Cisternino (General Motors Powertrain), R. Fuso, F. Millo (Politecnico di Torino): “Development of a Stop & Start Sailing Activation Strategy for a Real-World Driving”, 23rd Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, 2014
[3] H. Stevens: “Homologation test cycles worldwide, Status of the WLTP”, Green Global NCAP labelling / green scoring Workshop , international Energy Agency (iea)
[3] T.Barlow, S. Latham, I. McCrae, P. Boulter: “A reference book of driving cycles for use in the measurement of road vehicle emissions”, Version 3, Published Project Report PPR354, Department for Transport, UK, 2009
FKFS cycle characteristics comparable to WLTC
Gasoline Systems
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14. Real world tests Coasting in WLTC/Bosch Proposal campaign vehicle
route
driver(s)
instructions
2010
“CO2 challenge” Max Coasting Benefit
Audi A4,
2.0l TFSI, MT
FKFS
28 drivers (“Coasting CO2- Challenge”, GS/NEstaff)
w & w/o Coasting
“Challenge” max. eco
2011
Coasting Share & Benefit of Average driver (probands). UX –Study.
VW Passat,
1.4l TSI,
7-speed DCT
23 drivers (randomly selected, GS staff)
11 test drivers for CO2 w/ calculated St/St base, test drivers for Coast share only
without instructions
“driving as usual”
Coasting Benefit of “normal” & “max eco” driving style (professional driver )
professional driver
different driving premises
(4-5 cycles each)
Base: normal w/o Coasting
normal driving w/ Coasting
eco driving w/ Coasting
2012/13
Realistic Coasting Share & Benefit of Average driver (probands). Reference for eCS components. UX-Study.
Audi A3,
MT w/ eCS
25/16 test drivers (selected BOSCH staff. good mixture of age, gender, profession)
2013
OEM Test of different driving styles.
IDC vs. SSC (professional driver)
OEM “real-life cycle” (Paris)
3 different driving premises
1 cycle base + 1 cycle Coasting each
normal w/ & w/o Coasting
dynamic w/ & w/o Coasting
eco w/ & w/o Coasting
Coasting in US
Farmington Hills Route
20 drivers
7 drivers (out of above 20)
Instructed
2014
“Lastkollektiv” & FKFS vs. LCM
Comparison of different driving styles, variation of OP Strategy. Gasoline & diesel vehicle
GS: Audi A3,
DS: Citroen C4
1.6l TDI,
(ETC)LCM
Selected drivers & professional drivers (DS staff)
3 different driving premises,
3 different operating strategies for C4
mostly only 1 cycle per variation
29 drives
normal w/ Coasting
dynamic w/ Coasting
eco w/ Coasting
Gasoline Systems
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15. Coasting Share: Representative average base value
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Coasting Share: Representative average base value
Average Coasting Time Share found: 25%* (=30% Coasting Distance Share)
17%...35% (FKFS, A3, probands, normal driving) & 30…36% (FKFS, Passat, professional driver, normal driving),
Average 22%** for Farmington Hill cycle (11%...56%)
JRC Monograph: Porsche field data indicate 26% CTS
Representative average base value for most vehicles & drivers
Coasting time shares are based on driver statics and are used for the calculation of the CO2 benefit of coating technology
Each Contracting Party may develop its own coasting time share(s) based on regional data .
25% CTS assumed to be representative base (for BOSCH strategy)
Operating strategy has to be considered in algorithm
* Base: BOSCH Operating Strategy, based on total cycle time/distance with powertrain open until engine re-start
@vehicle speed ≥0km/h
** VW Passat with DCT
Gasoline Systems
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16. Coasting impact on pollutant Emissions
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Coasting impact on pollutant Emissions
For coasting systems the situation is similar as for current Start/Stop systems
We assume that coasting will only be enabled if the exhaust after-treatment system has reached its operating conditions, e.g. warmed up TWC
For IDC
during coasting the engine emits idle emissions as during normal idle phases
no engine restart necessary
For SSC (similar as for Start/Stop systems)
during coasting the ICE is switched off, without emissions
engine restart necessary, but due to
the short duration of coasting phases (mostly between X and 10 seconds)
no air flow through stopped engine (very little cooling of engine and aftertreatment system) (different to fuel cut-off air with air flow)
no or only a very small effect on emissions after an ICE-off-phase is expected
Our base vehicle features Start/Stop and we did not determine relevant emission differences between Start/Stop and non-Start/Stop operation
Emissions could be measured during the proposed coasting verification test
Gasoline Systems
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17. Coasting impact on pollutant Emissions
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Coasting impact on pollutant Emissions
Measurements conducted on dyno, Bosch Schwieberdingen in 2012
FTP75 (Vehicles with EU calibration!) or NEDC
Start/Stop (base), (IDC), SSC
Coasting with „OptiCoast“ (using tolerance band to generate speed curve with coasting phases)
Vehicles
Passat 1.4 TSI,
Audi A3 1.4 TSI
CLS 3.5L DI, gasoline
Audi A3 2.0 TDI
Measured HC, NOx, CO, (PM), (CO2), (NMHC)
1 … 3 test(s) per configuration
Result: No obvious/significant change of emission due to Coasting
Gasoline Systems
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18. Time resolved fuel consumption
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Time resolved fuel consumption
BOSCH proposal needs a method to measure time resolved fuel consumption
Overview of possible ways to determine actual fuel consumption of vehicles:
direct measurements of fuel flow ?
correlation with exhaust gas measurement 
model of fuel injection (injection time, flow characteristic, …) 
External exhaust gas measurement and calculating with model is state-of-the-art
Gasoline Systems
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19. Time resolved fuel consumption
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Time resolved fuel consumption
State-of-the-art exhaust gas methods
ECE R83: cumulative exhaust gas analyses (“bag”)
using a full-flow exhaust dilution system (Constant Volume Sampler), accuracy +/-2%
Continuous time resolved (“modal”) exhaust gas sampling
Usage simultaneously with type approval “bag”-measurements is not regulated.
BOSCH analyses: same accuracy as “bag”-method
further improvements to be checked (internal study on-going)
sampling frequency about 1Hz, tail-pipe measure delay between actual consumption and engine operating point to be considered
Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)
HDV-regulation (EC) 595/2009, RDE for LDV under development
Industry standard available? DIN, VDA, SAE?
OBD On-board diagnostics PID Parameter IDs
HDV Heavy Duty Vehicle CAN (Controller Area Network)
LDV Light Duty Vehicle RDE Real Driving Emissions
Gasoline Systems
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20. Time resolved fuel consumption
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Time resolved fuel consumption
State-of-the-art ECU based methods
Engine control unit (ECU) calculates consumption based on injection model
frequency: 100ms, no delay between actual consumption and engine operating point
Available on CAN bus in most vehicles, not standardized
SAEJ1979DA: some consumption related values (PIDs) available via OBD-Interface
for some diesel vehicles (esp. HD) mandatory, e.g. PID$5E Engine Fuel Rate 0.05 L/h per bit, PID$9D Engine Fuel Rate 0.02 g/s per bit, PID$A2 Cylinder Fuel Rate mg/stoke per bit
OBD bus rate can vary depending on traffic but always <1Hz
Analyses show no significant effect for <=1Hz!
Also considered for EU RDE PEMS LDV purposes
OBD On-board diagnostics PID Parameter IDs
HD Heavy Duty CAN (Controller Area Network)
Gasoline Systems
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21. Time resolved fuel consumption: Proposal
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Time resolved fuel consumption: Proposal
Correction method for modal or OBD time resolved data ”bag”
While type approval measurement:
additional continuous exhaust gas sampling or time resolved calculated fuel consumption via OBD
Verify by comparing cumulated time resolved value with bag & correct time resolved data if necessary
Standard Type approval measurement
Correction factor c = x / y
fuel_flow_corr (t) =
c * fuel_flow_original (t)
bag:
x Liter
Additional data
time res.:
y Liter OR
OBD
Gasoline Systems
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22. Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy while TA
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy while TA
BOSCH application so far only (post-)processes TA measurements ”…no proof in TA of actual technology or OEM operating strategy!…”
Proposal: additional simple test procedure, conducted after std. TA measurements (not used to determine CO2-Benefit!)
OEM has to declare his implemented Coasting strategy in advance
Relevant parameters: entry and exit speed limits, IDC vs. SSC speed limits, delay time(s) completeness to be checked
Vehicle driving short test on dyno (e.g. 5 min, vehicle warm) consisting of different constant speed levels & following coast down to a minimum speed (e.g. 15km/h). Indication to test driver of act. speed, act. gear (MT) & when to release gaspedal
measured parameters t.b.d. proposal: vehicle speed, engine speed and/or time resolved fuel flow (SSC/IDC), PT open/closed condition (OBD-Interface SAE!)*
Output of test: Proof of technology / operating strategy according OEM statement.
speed
time
*Roll-out curves on dyno or street (transmission in N) for standard TA are available distinction between Coasting and overrun possible?
Gasoline Systems
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23. Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy while TA
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy while TA
Example: Start/Stop Coasting with 1sec until transmission open & 4 sec delay for engine off
“release gaspedal!”
“end coast phase!”
gas
pedal
gear
vehicle
speed
const.
speed
t_const
t_min_const
min. time until next acceleration
const.
accel.
Coasting down, until v_exit or v_min reached
v_const_x
t_delay_PT until transmission open
t_delay_idle until engine speed =idle
t_idle  engine speed =idle
t_eotime engine off a
(v_exit_x)
e.g. operating strategy with v_exit > v_min
v_min
time
engine
speed
open PT
Gasoline Systems
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24. Next Steps / Work Packages
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
Next Steps / Work Packages
WP “Time resolved fuel consumption”
WP “Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy”
Gasoline Systems
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25. WP “Time resolved fuel consumption”
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
WP “Time resolved fuel consumption”
Decision on most promising procedure
Formulate regulation for modal exhaust gas measurement & discuss with SAEJ1979 working group to set necessary PIDs to “mandatory” or “optional for Coasting vehicles”
OR formulate regulation for modal exhaust gas measurement
Decision/commitment of WLTP-TP members for further procedure necessary
Gasoline Systems
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26. WP “Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy”
Coasting in WLTP/Bosch Proposal
WP “Proof of Technology & Op. Strategy”
Work out suitable speed profile
Define measured variables
Formulate regulation for “PT_open” & discuss with SAEJ1979 working group to set necessary PIDs to “mandatory” or “optional for Coasting vehicles”
Decision/commitment of WLTP-TP members for further procedure necessary
Gasoline Systems
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