1. Class System Captaincy System- feudalistic Masters and Slaves- Tendency to identify labor with slavery gave rise to a large class of “poor whites” Mazombos (Brazilian-born whites)VS.Reinois (Peninsulars)

2. Economic Situation Captaincy System French, Dutch, and English Challenges Pombaline Reforms( ~ Bourbon Reforms)- sought to improve economy, but was ineffective Mercantilist System Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal

3. Indigenous People Banderiantes ( ~Kurakas), who were themselves mestizos in most cases, practiced slave raiding Pombaline Reform forbade enslavement > indigenous people intermarried and became part of the population

4. Political Situation Inefficient governors- overlapping functions & intervention of home government Senado de Camara (~Juntas)- wealthy merchants, planters, & professional men

5. Dom Pedro I CONSTITUTION Created: Council of State 2-chamber Parliament 4th branch of government Preserved the power of the Emperor CONFEDERATION OF THE EQUATOR (1824) Northern provinces secede from Brazil and form a government Raises anti- monarchy sentiments SLAVE TRADE TREATY (1826) In return for British recognition of Brazilian independence, Brazil will end the slave trade ABDICATION Revolts force Dom Pedro to abdicate in favor of his 5 year old son

6. Regency Rule Farroupilha Revolution : Republican uprising originating in Rio Grande de Sol. (1835-1845) Republic of Rio Grande- a separatist state created by rebels in the Revolution that existed separate from brazil until 1845 The Revolution rushed the coronation of Dom Pedro II (because it was dangerous to the monarchist government) Rio Grande Republic

7. Dom Pedro II POLITICAL Strengthened the central government Many wars with other Latin American countries. Liberal and Conservative parties ECONOMIC Economic stability fazendas (coffee plantations) increase in coffee exports SOCIAL “Golden Law”= abolition of slavery (1888) large immigration of Europeans Rise of middle class INTELLECTUAL promoted education resentment of monarchy, popularity of republic.

8. Collapse of the Monarchy CAUSES: –Abolition without compensation –Tense relationship with the Church –Military had become a strong political force Nov. 15, 1889: MILITARY REVOLTS –Leader= Gen. Manuel Deodoro –Dom Pedro abdicates and is banished to Europe

9. Early Republican Period 1.) Military autocracy with Gen. Deodoro as supreme leader 2.) Presidency era: 1894- first civilian president WWI era Brazil revokes degree of neutrality between Germany and USA and sides with the USA.

10. 1. Vargas and Dutras Vargas- held office twice----1930- 1945 and 1951-1954 –1st term: Estado Nuevo= Vargas seizes absolute power Dutra’s term – New constitution – Outlawed Communist Party WWII- declared war against Axis 2. Kubitschek Juscelino Kubitschek elected president (supported by illegal Communist Party) “fifty years progress in five” Nationalism Economic progress (but inflation continues)

11. Quadros and Goulart (1961) Qaudros = President Goulart= Vice President Opposed any interaction with the USA (to condemn Castro) Resignation (1961) outs Brazil on brink of civil war Goulart attempts to establish a dictatorship --- overthrown by military Military control Power in the hands of the victors of the revolution Institutional Act- thousands imprisoned 1964-1985- Brazil ruled by military dictatorship

12. Redemocratization 1985: indirect elections restored Brazil to civilian rule 1989: Fernando Collar de Mello first elected president by popular vote after military regime Today ECONOMIC: Coffee still the main agricultural product Brazil accounts for three fifths of the South American economy’s industrial production POLITICAL: Federal Republic: form of government made up of a federal state with a constitution and self-governing subunits President Lula 4 main political parties