2. Which benefits? Which benefits? Implementation? Implementation? Main interactions? Main interactions? Need to link groundwater & surface water Need to link groundwater & surface water

3.  The responsibility of the government  A ‘water right’ = the right to use (…not ownership of)  Granted under certain terms or conditions → through permits, licenses, concessions or authorizations… Is there permit or license to abstract GW in your country?

4.  Reduce interference, and conflicts;  Foster the participation of water users;  Improve economic efficiency; …… Do GW rights guarantee a given water quantity/quality?

5.  Sufficient detail to minimize conflict between users  Specify conditions: time, rate, the volume,… the priority  Appropriated judicial or review mechanism.

7.  Include economic, social and environmental factors  Flexibility & security of tenure;  Political & public acceptability;  Efficacy → changes existing undesirable situation;  Administrative feasibility and sustainability. Are there other criteria ?

8.  Interactions between ground and surface water;  Important issues:  level of surface water connection :- how much, which bodies, over what period? are third parties affected? is baseflow/ecosystem/springs affected?

9.  Holder of a water-use right, a lawful user who … have to pay fees and charges.  Other users in the same aquifer and its dependent surface water.  Other stakeholders, third-party actors.  The water resource authority: ◦ can deny grant water right  The judiciary may prosecute or hear appeals How are you dealing with the compliance problem?

10.  Conflict resolution mechanisms are well- accepted, economic and rapid;  Sanctions balanced to discourage non- compliance … not to cripple water users;  Monitoring realistic and commensurate with institutional capacity.

11.  Stakeholder participation → better compliance;  Transparency to allocation process → information system;  Effects on third parties, watercourse baseflow, environmental ecosystems, and sustainability of springs ;  Political and public awareness. What is major constraint to implement GW rights system?

12.  If no accurate data on GW balance, all users should be given permits of short duration  Customary rights should be dealt with comprehensively.  No exceptions should be tolerated.  Specification of abstraction rate thresholds, a dynamic process.  Certain minor uses may be exempted from water rights bureaucracy.

13.  Implementation → high priority.  Consistent with the hydrogeological reality.  Permits time-limited, and subject to initial review and modification.  Transboundary: ◦ harmonization of legislation and regulations Internationally shared aquifers in Northern Africa (IHP-VI, 2001)

14.  The impacts of new water allocation on traditional users;  The difficulties in estimating impacts on ecosystem;  Considering the “what happen after” question  Extractable groundwater of acceptable quality is left.

15. Thank you!