1. Kagan, Ch. 23

2. Early moves toward Equality  1782 Edict of Toleration (Joseph II, Austria)  1789, France  BUT…full emancipation NEVER ultimately occurred  Often still subject to different property and tax laws  Social discrimination hardest to overcome  Russian Jews suffered the most

3. Jewish Life in Western Europe after 1848  Full citizenship attained in Germany, Italy, Low Countries & Scandinavia  1858 right to sit in Parliament  Full legal rights in Austro-Hungary, 1867  More job opportunities available  Openly participating and accepted in literary and cultural communities, the arts and music, sciences and education  Drawn to liberal and socialist political parties

4. Rise of Anti-Semitism  Economic issues of the 1870s reenergized Jewish prejudices  1880s (see also Kagan Ch. 24)  France, Dreyfus Affair  Austria, esp. Vienna (Mayor Karl Lueger) & Christian Socialists – was a major influence on Adolph Hitler  Germany – Houston Stewart Chamberlain & Adolph Stocker’s Christian Social Workers (see. Spiel. pg. 695)  Eastern Europe: 72% of world’s Jewish population lived in Russia and Ukraine; harsh quote systems and restrictions, also pogroms  1903-1906: pogroms took place in ~700 towns & villages

5. Pogroms in Russia

6. Rise of Zionism (see Ch. 24)  Zionism: hope to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine (Israel) where Jews would be free and independent  Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) The Jewish State, 1896  First Zionist Congress, Switzerland, 1897: hoped to create a “home in Palestine secured by public law”  1901, 1000 Jews emigrate; btw. 1904-1914, 3000 emigrate annually