1. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 On the Generation of an Optimized Fractional Cloudiness Time Series using a Multi-Sensor Approach Wiel Wauben *, Marijn de Haij Reinout Boers, Henk Klein Baltink, Bert van Ulft, Mark Savenije * R&D Information and Observation Technology, Climate Observations Dept, Regional Climate Dept, Weather Research and Development Dept

2. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 Contents Introduction Instruments Combination algorithm Cabauw Fractional Cloudiness Conclusions and outlook

3. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 3 Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research Five remote sensing techniques for cloud observations Active and passive Column and hemispheric (integrated and resolved/scanning) 1 year data sets of 10-minute cloud data (15 May 2008 - 14 May 2009, total cloud cover & base) Generation of optimized & continuous cloudiness time series Evaluation of different techniques CESAR

4. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 4 35 GHz cloud radar & CT75K Instruments Ceilometer (operational SYNOP/METAR cloud product) Sensitive to detect high cirrus CLOUDNET procedure column techniques including cloud base height

5. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 5 Instruments long-wave downward radiation integrated hemispheric APCADA algorithm thermal infrared scanning cloud mask visual digital camera cloud mask day-time only Pyrgeometer (BSRN) NubiScope Total sky imager (TSI)

6. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 6 Manual approach Combination Goal: construction of optimized & continuous cloudiness time series strong / weak points situation dependent subjective no reference! complex algorithm not generic “simple” weighted average based on experiences checked with climatology of manual observations (1970-2000) Hence

7. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 7 “Reference” algorithm Combination R j is the reference cloudiness (in percentage) at time j W i,j is the weighting value at time j for the i-th instrument H i,j =1 when the i-th instrument has a valid output at time j, else =0 C i,j is the cloudiness (in percentage) measured by the i-th instrument at time j W NUB,j = W TSI,j = 1 for APCADA, CLOUDNET, LD40 D CLOUDNET,j is the observed minimum CLOUDNET cloud base height in the 10-minute period at time j uncertainty for all

8. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 8 Cabauw fractional cloudiness Cloud cover histogram Column n=0, 8 high n=2-7 low CLOUDNET 60% n=8 mainly due to cirrus “reference” is good compromise low n=2-6 (higher during day time)

9. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 9 Cabauw fractional cloudiness Cloudiness versus cloud base height NubiScope & TSI generally best agreement ACPADA & LD40 lower CLOUDNET too high

10. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 10 Cabauw fractional cloudiness Contingency matrix LD40 (  ) versus Reference (  ) 012345678%# 010.56.11.20.80.40.30.40.20.120.110309 12.13.81.10.70.40.30.40.30.19.34769 20.30.8 0.50.30.2 0.30.03.31700 30.10.40.6 0.30.2 0.30.02.81445 40.10.20.30.80.60.4 0.50.03.31706 50.00.1 0.30.70.60.50.70.03.11574 60.00.1 0.40.7 1.20.03.31712 70.0 0.1 0.30.81.86.01.810.95575 80.0 0.1 0.30.910.632.044.022592 %13.211.64.33.93.53.85.420.234.0100.0 #6777598122012024181219722790103771744851382 Band 0: 55.6%Band 1: 85.6%Band 2: 92.4%Over: 2.0%Under: 5.5%Δ: -0.1|Δ|: 0.7 8 % with differences > 2 okta; fraction clear sky & overcast

11. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 11 Cabauw fractional cloudiness Reference data set cloudiness 98% availability 10-minute cloudiness e.g. daily with uncertainty

12. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 12 Conclusions Reference is weighted combination of individual instruments Not a true reference, but general and robust approach that produces useful results Compromise whereby the NubiScope and TSI are considered to be a higher quality product (weight 1) than the others (height dependent weight) Uncertainty range of reference cloudiness determined from the negative and positive differences between the reference and the cloudiness reported by each instrument over the time period under consideration Findings for instruments see paper OBS also has limitations so 100% similarity not expected Automated cloudiness using ceilometer introduced changes in climatological cloud observations records Conclusions & Outlook

13. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 13 Outlook APCADA and TSI are being / have been optimised as a result of this study Physical definition of cloud/cloudiness, threshold possibly dependent on application Usage of hemispheric method to overcome changes in climatological cloud observations records should be considered Towards scanning reference system? Conclusions & Outlook

14. TECO-2010, Helsinki | 31 August 2010 14 Thank you for your attention! Lookup conference paper for more information Boers, R., M.J. de Haij, W.M.F. Wauben, H. Klein Baltink, L.H. van Ulft, M. Savenije and C.N. Long (2010), Optimized Fractional Cloudiness Determination from Five Ground - based Remote Sensing Techniques, submitted to J. Geophys. Res.