1. Dizon, Mayo, Mendoza, Muli, and Parra The Effects of Reading Mode and Reading Material Format on Comprehension and Recall

2. Definition of Terms Reading – process of interpreting and understanding a written language Oral reading – reading a material aloud Silent reading – reading “in the head”

3. Definition of Terms Comprehension – process of understanding what was read Recall - process of remembering what was read Hard Copy – any printed reading material Electronic Copy – any reading material which can be read using a computer

4. Review of Related Literature No significant difference between oral reading and silent reading. (Bell et al., 2004; Fujinaga, 2010) Oral reading is better than silent reading. (Al-Abri, n.d.; Swalm, 1972; Elgart, 1978; Dizer et al., 2007)

5. Review of Related Literature Silent reading leads to greater comprehension and recall. (Armbruster & Wilkinson, 1991; Hopkins, 1997; Bell et al., 2004)

6. Review of Related Literature No significant difference between hard copy and electronic copy (Denton et al., 2005; Dungworth et al., 2007; Erickson et al., 2008; Dance et al., 2010)

7. Review of Related Literature Hard copy is better than electronic copy. (Ziefle, 1998; Garlandb & Noyesa, 2008) Electronic copy leads to greater comprehension and recall. (Moore & Zabrucky, 1995; Anderson-Inman & Horney, 1999)

8. Hypothesis Oral reading leads to greater performance on comprehension and recall. Hard copy results to better performance on comprehension and recall. Significantly greater performance would result from reading from hard copy orally.

9. Methodology: Design 2 x 2 (reading mode x reading material format) mixed factorial design IVs: Reading mode (oral, silent) Reading material format (hard copy, electronic copy) DVs: Comprehension, Recall

10. Methodology: Participants 40 undergraduate students of FEU 15 to 20 years old Convenience (FM09203, MC0922, AT09116, & MC0929) Purposive (Scored 17 and below in the English proficiency test)

11. Methodology: Participants Simple random (10 from each block) Simple random (2 blocks in oral reading, 2 blocks in silent reading) All participants in hard copy and electronic copy group

12. Methodology: Materials 25-item English proficiency test for sampling (www.transparent.com) 2 English passages from Rinsky and Wassman’s Effective Reading In A Changing World (3 rd ed.)

13. Methodology: Materials Hard copy: “Double Talk” by William Lutz; 707-word passage single-spaced point 12 black Times New Roman on a white short bond paper with 1” x 1” margins on all sides

14. Methodology: Materials Electronic copy: “No Ordinary Nut” by William Lutz; single- spaced point 12 black Times New Roman on white paper with 1” x 1” margins; read using the Adobe Acrobat Reader from a 14” or 14.1” laptop

15. Methodology: Materials 15-item questionnaire after each passage (items on comprehension and recall from the passages) Comprehension: Multiple choice Recall: Identification

16. Methodology: Procedures “Start reading.” 5 minutes reading time “Stop reading.” “Start answering.” 5 minute-test “Stop answering.”

17. Methodology: Procedures Part 1 : 5 in hard copy, 5 in electronic copy Part 2 : 5 in electronic copy, 5 in hard copy

18. Methodology: Data Analysis Mixed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

19. Results: Descriptives ComprehensionRecall MSDM Oral Reading6.951.884.402.64 Hard Copy3.901.332.251.74 Electronic Copy3.051.192.151.57 Silent Reading6.302.274.252.90 Hard Copy2.851.312.351.87 Electronic Copy3.451.571.901.97

20. Results: Inferentials dfFp Comprehension Reading Mode10.9720.33 Reading Material Format10.2060.653 Reading Mode * Reading Material Format386.9260.012 39 Recall Reading Mode10.0290.865 Reading Material Format10.5840.449 Reading Mode * Reading Material Format380.2370.629 39

21. Results No significant main effects of reading mode on comprehension and recall No significant main effects of reading material format on comprehension and recall

22. Results No significant main effects of reading mode and reading material format on recall Significant interaction effects of reading mode and reading material format on comprehension

23. Discussion Reading either orally or silently leads to more or less the same comprehension and recall performance. Reading material format did not increase the performance of the students both in comprehension and recall.

24. Discussion Reading from either hard or electronic copy either in oral and silent mode does not necessarily improve performance on recall. Comprehension is significantly affected by which reading material format is read in which reading mode

25. Discussion Reading a material orally from a hard copy would result to significantly greater comprehension than reading orally from an electronic copy, silently from a hard copy and silently from an electronic copy.

26. Discussion: Limitations Control of the reading mode used Too small sample size Inconsistencies in laptops Testing condition Attention of participants Participants not poor readers

27. Conclusion Reading mode does not affect performance on comprehension and recall. Reading format does not affect performance on comprehension on recall. People may have their own preferences when it comes to how they read and from what they read. Essentially, however, there is no difference between these preferences.

28. Recommendations Increase sample size Individual supervision to participants Young and poor readers as participants

29. Recommendations Educators need not focus on only one mode of reading in class. Try using both electronic copy and hard copy in classroom instructions.