1. Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars

2. Launch configuration

4. Crew Exploration Vehicle

5. Service module carries the CEV to the Moon

7. Lunar Surface Module

8. Site Selection for Moon Near-side Far-side Optimal Science Base* Numbers indicate sortie sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17 18 19 20 21 25 2629 33 31 10 11 12 13 15 16 23 58 27 28 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 46 47 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 30 45 22 24

9. Do it on the Moon first Partial gravity Radiation Planetary protection

11. NASA Mars Reference mission

13. Advanced Life Support Requirements Document. JSC-38571C/CTSD-ADV-245C Feb 2003, NASA JSC

15. MacElroy et al. 1985 Human requirements and products kg/person-day Requirements Food 0.6 Water 3 Oxygen 0.8 Total 4.5 Outputs Solids 0.2 Water 3.3 CO 2 1.0 Total 4.5

16. NASA Advaced Life support

17. Biosphere II

18. Using the martian soil and atmosphere for a plant growth module Near-term missions

19. NASA Mars Reference mission

20. McMurdo Station: 50 years of science exploration

21. The Antarctica Model Fifty years of continuous operations, 1-15 month tours. Three permanent bases with temporary field camps. Dec 1956: Bases established, IGY Cold War competition. Science exploration was rationale, NSF had responsibility for science. 1970s, 1980s: US Antarctic research program operated as a part of foreign policy & military preparedness for cold weather operations. 1990s: Cold War ends, military activities in USARP reduced. 2000: Helicopter transport provided by private sector. 2005: Civilian science (NSF) managed program entirely. Contractor operation of base (Ratheon Polar Services) Air Force provides transport to Antarctica, Coast Guard provides ice breaker. 2006: NSF directed to assume operation of ice breakers.

22. Don’t send humans because they will contaminate Mars before we have a chance to determine if it has life and its potential for life

23. We’ve already contaminated Mars

24. Spirit Rover with 10 5 bacteria at Gusev Crater