1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: Racial & Ethnic Minorities Rupal Satra Department of Sociology University of Illinois Chicago

2. Today: 1. The difference between race & ethnicity 2. Social Stratification & Inequality 3. Theories of racial and ethnic inclusion & exclusion

3. What Constitutes an Ethnic Group? Race & Ethnicity often used interchangeability Ethnic Group: A group that shares: 1. Sense of togetherness 2. Common cultural characteristics 3. National origin 4. Unique social & historical experiences Subjective identity: sense of belonging

4. What is Race? Defined as a group of people thought to have similar: 1. Physical characteristics 2. Common ancestry Does not share sense of identity SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED!! Not biological  although each race share physical characteristics, THE WAY THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AND THE MEANINGS WE GIVE THEM ARE SOCIALY DETERMINED! Classification into social categories

5. THINGS TO CONSIDER: What is the difference between racism and ethnocentricism? What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

6. THINGS TO CONSIDER: Color-blind racism White privilege Model Minority Institutionalizing Color-Blind Racism Race Off White Privilege

7. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: Categorize according to race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. Hierarchical system: White, heterosexual, & male Black, lesbian, & woman

8. LETS SEE HOW RACIAL AND ETHNIC INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PLAY OUT IN SOCIETY…

9. WHAT’S AMERICAN? Arizona Immigration Policy Can Muslims be American? Miss America 2013

10. RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY What triggers public opposition to immigration? Purpose and objective: Understand if and how elite discourse shapes public opinion about immigration. Hypotheses : 1. Expect great opposition with negative news 2. This “news” will trigger increased anxiety 3. The direction of opinion change should then be consistent with that information Conclusion: The perception that immigration is harmful, ethnic cues strongly condition emotional reactions to this news. Dog Whistle Politics

11. ELEMENTS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITIES: Prejudice vs. Discrimination Prejudice: Feelings & Attitudes Discrimination: Action Racism: type of prejudice against a particular group Racial Ideologies: Embedded in social fabric Collective standpoint Stereotypes: Essentializing Reductionist:

12. THEORIES OF RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUALITIES Historic Arguments: Biological Cultural Contemporary Arguments: Structural Theories: It’s the system, not the individuals members. Focuses on the mechanisms of inequality i.e. economic system, social system, political system, etc How these systems create mechanisms for inclusion and exclusion Still rely on these arguments to help justify racial inequalities

13. RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUALITIES: STRUCTURAL Structural Violence: Refers to systematic ways in which social structures harm or otherwise disadvantage individuals. Subtle & often invisible Institutionalized Discrimination: Discrimination against minority groups that is practices by economic, educational, and political organizations. Built into the social structure Reaffirms theories of cultural deficiencies and makes them appear normal and natural.

14. INSTITUTIONAL INEQUALITIES: EDUCATION Education: Studies have shown that people with more education are likely to have higher-paying and higher-status jobs. Lets see if we can find a pattern…

15. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 2012

16. TYPE & QUALITY OF EDUCATION:

17. FUNDING FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

18. Ok, So lets see how less access to and less opportunities for education impact employment…

19. But first, what do you expect to find?

20. INSTITUTIONALIZED DISCRIMINATION: EMPLOYMENT Statistics show that members of minority groups are far more likely to have a low-status and low- paying job.

21. EMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO RACE & ETHNICITY:

22. EXPLANATION OF EMPLOYMENT INEQUALITIES: Partially explained by educational differences BUT: Minority employees tend to receive less pay and encounter a glass cage as compared to whites with the same educational levels. WHAAAAAAA?!

23. EXPLANATION OF EMPLOYMENT INEQUALITIES: NEED FOR A CHEAP LABOR SOURCE: Systematic controls to keep minorities in lower-level and marginalized jobs. Glass Cage Effect Cultural Discrimination: Homophily: Like sticks to like Network groups

24. INSTITUTIONAL INEQUALITIES: LAW AND JUSTICE

25. The Crack Cocaine & Cocaine Powder incarceration policy Arizona Immigration Reform Policy No Child Left Behind

26. THINGS TO CONSIDER: 1. Describe the ways in which the ethnic inequality is built into our educational, economic, and legal institutions: 2. What are the different theories about the causes of prejudice and discrimination?

27. WHERE IS THE DEBATE AT TODAY? Immigration model: Model challenges the persistence of institutionalized discrimination “If we can do it why can’t they” Internal colonialism vs. Immigrant minority Internal colonialism Immigrant minority The Model Minority Myth