1. Prentice Hall, 2000Chapter 41 Reinforcement Theory Consequences Rewards No Rewards Punishment Behavior

2. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Shaping Reinforcing small approximations of the final desired behavior

3. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Schedules of Reinforcement Used when reinforcement is partial Fixed Schedule: Amount of time/number of behaviors is specified in advance Variable Schedule: Amount of time/number of behaviors vary

4. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio: reinforcement after a fixed number of responses; e.g. a piece-rate pay scheme Variable Ratio: reinforcement after a variable number of desired responses; e.g. cash bonuses, public recognition, occasional awards for good performance Variable ratio schedule is most resistant to extinction

5. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Maintaining Desired Behaviors Extinction: when a response ceases to occur due to the removal of reinforcement Establish desired responses before reducing reinforcement Reduce reinforcement gradually using ratio schedule to prolong behavior

6. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Choose Appropriate Reinforcers Use differential rewarding Reward according to performance Identify valued rewards for each individual

7. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Applying Behavior Modification Behavior Modification increases in success if: Rewards offered are substantial and desired Rewards are administered intermittently Higher levels of performance lead to proportionally larger increases in rewards

8. Prentice Hall, 2000Chapter 58 Identify Existing Behavioral Contingencies 2 Measure: Baseline Frequency of Response 4a Develop Intervention Strategy 4b Apply Appropriate Strategy Problem Solved? NO 3 5 Measure: Chart Frequency of Response After Intervention 4d Measure: Chart Frequency of Response After Intervention Yes 1 Identify Performance-Related Behavioral Events 4c Measure: Chart Frequency of Response After Intervention The Five-Step Problem Solving Model of OB MOD