1. Schedules of Reinforcement Reinforcement – any stimulus that makes a behavior more likely to occur. In terms of delivering reinforcement one may: Vary the frequency of the reward strictly according to time intervals. These are called interval schedules – the number of responses which occur, after the first correct response in an interval, are irrelevant. Vary the frequency of the reward according to the rate of response. These are called ratio schedules – time is irrelevant. Within these 2 types of schedules a reward is given on either: A regular basis, called a fixed schedule or On an intermittent (random / pattern less) manner called a variable schedule To determine the schedule of reinforcement being used, ask yourself: Is time the major factor that causes a favorable outcome (reinforcement) or is it repetition of responses? If time or the needed repetition of responses is constant or patterned, it is fixed; if the time or repetition of responses is random or intermittent, it is variable.

2. Remember… Ask yourself: Who is being rewarded? What is the reward?

3. 1. Paid 10 dollars for every 20 puzzles solved 2. Studying for a class that has surprise quizzes 3. Slot machines are based on this schedule 4. Trolling for fish in a lake in the summer 5. Speed traps on highways 6. Selling a product door to door 7. Getting the clothes out of the dryer once it buzzes 8. Going up a staircase to reach a landing with a nice view 9. Doing 20 pushups to help stay fit 10. Playing Bingo 11. Getting a paycheck at the end of 2 weeks 12. Random drug testing 13. A strike in bowling 14. Calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet 15. Frequent flyer program where one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles flown 16. Child screams and cries in store to get what he wants, every so often it works 17. Child who likes to hear theme music from Jeopardy every night at 7PM 18. Trying to find a parking spot in Metropolis with a meter that works 19. Wife is watching boxing match with husband – she receives a kiss at the of every 3-minute round 20. Waiting for a sunny day to go the beach 21. Surfer waiting for the perfect wave to ride in on 22. Looking under rocks for worms

4. answers 1. fixed-ratio 2. variable-interval 3. variable-ratio 4. variable-interval 5. variable-interval 6. variable-ratio 7. fixed-interval 8. fixed-ratio 9. fixed-ratio 10. variable-ratio 11. fixed-interval 12. variable-interval 13. variable-ratio 14. variable-interval 15. fixed-ratio 16. variable-ratio 17. fixed-interval 18. variable-ratio 19. fixed-interval 20. variable-interval 21. variable-interval 22. variable-ratio