1. Learning

2. Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

3. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone  When paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

4. Example

6. Father spanks son for swearing. Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________?  Conditioned stimulus

7. Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction  Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators

8. Spontaneous recovery

9. Generalization

10. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) Associating behavior with its consequences E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

11. Reinforcement Positive reinforcement  Give something a person wants  Increases behavior E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby  (Increases crying because of reinforcement) Negative reinforcement  Remove an unwanted stimulus E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove) her anxiety

12. Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

13. Primary & Secondary reinforcers Primary = Innately reinforcing  Food & Sex Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)  Associated with a primary reinforcer  E.g. Money

14. Immediate Reinforcement Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex, than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. As opposed to delayed reinforcement  A Paycheck at the end of the month.

15. Reinforcement schedules Continuous  Every time Partial (Intermittent)  Fixed ratio $15 for every 3 pages you write  Variable ratio $15 after varying # of pages (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again)  Fixed Interval $15 for every hour you work  Variable interval $15 given at various times during the day

16. Reinforcement Schedules

17. Overjustification effect Rewarding someone for doing something they already enjoy may cause them to lose their intrinsic interest in the task.  Rewarding an already justifiable activity becomes “overjustified” because of the additional reward.

18. Punishment Positive punishment  Get something you don’t want ( a spanking) Negative punishment  What you do want is taken away ( Television time) Problem with punishment  Creates anger, fear, resistance  Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

19. Punishment

20. Shaping Cookies to reinforce quiet play M&M therapy

21. Observational Learning Albert Bandura E.g. Child turning the key to start the car  (without explicit training) Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad Modeling