3. So…How much do YOU know about genetics? Writing Log today: Take the pre-test in your notepacket. We will learn about each of the concepts in the pre-test throughout this unit, and then we will take the post-test and see how well you did on the pre-test.

4. Section 1: DNA -What’s this stuff made of?

5. What do we find inside the nucleus?

6. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic Code Revised 10-10-2006

7. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

8. Why is DNA important ? It is the genetic information in the cell. It is how genetic information is passed from one cell to another cell during cell division. It is passed on to you from your parents. It contains all the information a cell needs to function.

9. How do we know?

10. Hershey and Chase Injected a bacteriophage protein coat with radioactive Phosphorus-32 radioactivePhosphorus –No radioactivity in bacteria Injected a bacteriophage DNA with radioactive Phosphorus-32 radioactivePhosphorus –Radioactivity in bacteria produced subsequent bacteriophages with p-32 in DNA but not the protein coat

11. DNA  James Watson and Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin

12. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid What do we call this shape?

13. Watson and Crick: Came up with the model we accept today as a DOUBLE HELIX Double helix: where the two strands are wound around each other

14. Do you want to build with building blocks?  Did you play with blocks as a kid?

15. DNA  DNA is made up of nucleotides  Nucleotides are the BUILDING BLOCKS of DNA

16. NUCLEOTIDE: building block of DNA

17. Three parts of a NUCLEOTIDE: 1.Sugar (What the sugar called?) 2.Phosphate group 3.Nitrogen Base

18. Backbone : Deoxyribose Sugar and Phosphate

19. Inner Molecule: Nitrogen Bases

21. 4 kinds of nitrogen bases AdenineGuanine

22. 4 kinds of nitrogen bases AdenineGuanine Both of these types of molecules are called purines

23. 4 kinds of nitrogen bases ThymineCytosine

24. 4 kinds of nitrogen bases ThymineCytosine Both of these types of molecules are called pyrimidines

25. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID6KY1QBR5s Bio Rad video

27. Plant Cell Animal Cell All organisms use the same four bases as a blueprint for that organism.

28. Plant Cell Animal Cell All organisms use the same four bases as a blueprint for that organism. If there are only four types of nitrogen bases, and those nitrogen bases are the blueprint for all organisms, how come we don’t all look the same? Why are there so many different types of organisms?

29. Before you answer:

30. Morse Code is a simple code of only 2 symbols…and yet it can be used to send complex information

32. 1950  Chargaff  Purines: Adenine, Guanine  Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine

33. DNA  The three parts of a Nucleotides:  Sugar (Deoxyribose)  Phosphate group  Nitrogen Base  (A) Adenine  (T) Thymine  (C) Cytosine  (G) Guanine

34. DNA  The three parts of a Nucleotides:  Sugar (Deoxyribose)  Phosphate group  Nitrogen Base  (A) Adenine  (T) Thymine  (C) Cytosine  (G) Guanine Sides of DNA “Ladder” Steps of DNA “Ladder”

35. Base Pairing  Edwin Chargaff:  In 1950, he analyzed the amount of each of the bases in the DNA of various species Erwin Chargaff Austrian Biochemist The area he was from in now in what is Ukraine

36. Base Pairing  Chargaff’s Data (What do you notice?) Humans Fruit fly Corn Bread Mold Bacteria

37. Base Pairing  Chargaff’s Rule:  Chargaff found that the percentage of A (Adenine) equals the percentage of T (thymine); and C (cytosine)= G (guanine) % of A=% of T and % of C= % of G Erwin Chargaff Austrian Biochemist

38. Base Pairing  Base Pairs: two nucleotides hydrogen boding together  Adenine (A) will bond or pair with Thymine (T)  Cytosine (C) will bond or pair with Guanine (G)

39. Hydrogen Bonding  Turns out purines (Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)) like to bond with pyrimidines (Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T))

40. Hydrogen Bonding  A (Adenine) and T (Thymine) have Two Hydrogen Bonds holding those nucleotides together  G (Guanine) and C (Cytosine) have three hydrogen bonds

42. Section 2: What is a DNA Replication?

43. What is DNA Replication  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27TxKoF U2Nw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27TxKoF U2Nw

44. DNA Replication  Before cell division, DNA is replicated  Semiconservative Replication: parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA.  In other words,Old strands of DNA act as a template

45. DNA Replication

46.  Steps of DNA Replication:  Helicase unwinds double helix (breaks hydrogen bonds)

47. DNA Replication

48.  Steps of DNA Replication:  Helicase unwinds double helix (breaks hydrogen bonds)  RNA primase adds a primer to parental/template strands

49. DNA Replication

50.  Steps of DNA Replication:  Helicase unwinds double helix (breaks hydrogen bonds)  RNA primase adds a primer to parental/template strands  DNA Polymerase adds new nucleotides to create the complimentary strand to parental/template strand

51. DNA Replication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnuspQG0Jd0

52. DNA Replication Lets try DNA Replication: Original DNA Strand ATTCGATCCGTTACCATGA TAAGCTAGGCAATGGTACT ATTCGATCCGTTACCATGA TAAGCTAGGCAATGGTACT New replicated DNA Strand Original DNA Strand

53. Section 3: What is a gene?

54. Genes First let’s compare Chromosomes to a towel

55. Chromosome Chromatin = Long strands of DNA Chromosome : coiled up strand of chromatin The “X” shape is where the chromosome has been copied. ChromatinChromosome

56. How many chromosomes do we have in our nucleus?

57. How many chromosomes do we have in our nucleus of each of our cells? a. 23 b. 52 c. 108 d. 46

58. How many chromosomes do we have in our nucleus of each of our cells?

59. What is a Gene?  Gene: functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation.

60. Genes  In other words, Genes are pieces of our DNA that code for our traits.

61. Proteins from Genes Gene: Part of chromosome that codes for a protein

62. The Human Genome How many paired nucleotides do we have? (i.e. how many base pairs do we have?)

63. In 1964, Friedrich Vogel estimated that the total number of genes in the human genome to be ~ 6.7 million

65. What is a Trait? Trait = Any characteristic Trait

66. Inherited Trait Inherited trait = a characteristic that you get from your biological parents and…. a trait you are born with. It’s in your DNA! What are some examples? EX: (Write down one of your inherited traits)

67. Acquired Trait Acquired trait = a characteristic that you develop in your lifetime a trait you learn or pickup after you are born (not inherited from your parents) What are some examples? EX: (Write down one of your acquired traits)

68. Section 4: transcription and translation

69. What are grandmas good for?

70. What is DNA good for? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: How proteins are made… which are coded from DNA AKA: Transcription and Translation

71. Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA Transcription

72. Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA  Protein Transcription Translation

74. DNA vs. RNA DNA -Double strand -Sugar called deoxyribose -Bases are C G A T RNA -Single strand -Sugar called ribose -Bases are C G A U

75. DNA vs. RNA DNA Double strand Sugar called deoxyribose Bases are C G A T RNA Single strand Sugar called ribose Bases are C G A U U = Uracil

77. Transcription Using DNA to make RNA Happens inside the nucleus

78. Translation Using RNA to make protein Happens outside the nucleus

79. Protein: A chain of amino acids

80. Each amino acid is coded for by three nucleotides called…..

81. Codon: Three bases that code for a specific amino acid (Anticodon)

83. Anticodon: The three opposite bases

84. http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/~christjo/vc ell/animationSite/translation/index.html

88. Look at the chart on page 338 of your book

89. A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T A A T A C T T A T C G A C C T C C C T A A T T Transcription (inside the nucleus)

90. A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T A A A UG A A U A G CU G G A G G GA U U A A T A C T T A T C G A C C T C C C T A A T T

91. A UG A A U A G C U G G A G G GA U U AA

92. ASP A METASPSERTRYARG

93. So WHY DNA, the real purpose? To make PROTEIN!!

94. Section 5: Mutations

95. Mutations Evr made a mitsake in yourr spelng?

96. MUTATIONS! A mess up in the DNA sequence

97. Where do mutations occur? IN THE DNA!! (not the RNA) When do mutations occur? During replication

98. MUTATIONS! Gene Mutations (2 types) Changes in a single base Chromosomal Mutations (4 types) Changes in whole chromosomes

99. Gene Mutations Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations

100. Point Mutation A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T T T T A C T T A T C G T C C T C C C T A A A A

101. A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T T T A UG A A U A G C A G G A G G GA U U UU T A C T T A T C G T C C T C C C T A A A A Point Mutation

102. These happen at only ONE POINT or base Usually one base is replaced by a different base End result: ONE amino acid in the protein chain is wrong A UG A A U A G C A G G A G G GA U U UU Point Mutation METASPSERARG ASP A PHE

103. These happen at only ONE POINT or base Usually one base is replaced by a different base End result: ONE amino acid in the protein chain is wrong A UG A A U A G C A G G A G G GA U U UU Point Mutation METASPSERARG ASP A PHE

104. A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T T T T A C T T A T C G T C C T C C C T A A A A Frameshift

105. A T G AA T A G C T G G A G G G A T T T T A UG A A U A G C A G G A G G GA U U UU T A C T T A T C G T C C T C C C T A A A A

106. A UG A A U A G GU G G U G G GA U U UU Frameshift

107. A UG A A U A G G G G U G G G A U U UU Frameshift

108. A UG A A U A G C U G G A G G GA U U UU METASPSERTRYARGASP A PHE Frameshift

109. A UG A A U A G GU G G A G G GA U U UU METASPSERTRYARGASP A PHE Frameshift

110. This causes a SHIFT in the rest of the sequence following the mutation End result: Every amino acid after the mutation is wrong! A UG A A U A G C G G A G G GA U U UU METASPSERGLY ISO

111. MUTATIONS! Chromosomal Mutations (4) Changes in whole chromosomes

112. Chromosomal Mutations 1.Deletion: part of the chromosome is lost

113. Chromosomal Mutations 1.Deletion: part of the chromosome is lost 2.Duplication: part of the chromosome is repeated

114. Chromosomal Mutations 1.Deletion: part of the chromosome is lost 2.Duplication: part of the chromosome is repeated 3.Inversion: part of the chromosome gets reversed

116. Chromosomal Mutations 1.Deletion: part of the chromosome is lost 2.Duplication: part of the chromosome is repeated 3.Inversion: part of the chromosome gets reversed 4.Translocation: two chromosomes that are NOT pairs switch information

119. So WHY DNA? To make PROTEIN!!