1. Leaders and Strategies Angela Brown Chapter 29 Section 1

2. Laying the Groundwork - NAACP Founded in 1909 by Niagara movement Interracial organization – both African Americans and Whites participated http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/NiagaraMovement.gif

3. W.E.B. Dubois W.E.B. Dubois was the first African American to graduate from Harvard with a doctoral degree. He edited NAACP magazine – Crisis http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/niagara/photos/niagara-leaders.jpg

4. Focused on challenging laws that prevented African Americans from exercising full rights as citizens. Mainly appealed to educated, middle and upper class African Americans and liberal whites. http://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/images/Niagara100yrs_000.jpg

5. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/2ndNiagaraConference.jpg

6. Emphasized achieving legal equality for all races. Critics charged out of touch with basic issues of economic survival that faced many African Americans. http://www.diversitystore.net/ds/images/niagaralarge.jpg

7. National Urban League 1911 – sought to assist people moving to major cities (homes, jobs, training, labor issues) Russell Simmons http://www.emailwire.com/news/graphics/f002757lg.jpg

8. CORE 1942 founded by pacifists Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Dedicated to bringing about change through peaceful confrontation interracial http://nutrias.org/photos/porter/porter1.jpg

9. The Philosophy of Nonviolence 1957 Martin Luther King Jr. and other African American clergymen organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Introduced concept of nonviolent protest They did not resist even when attacked by opponents. Shifted the focus of civil rights movement to the South. http://www.medaloffreedom.com/ WhitneyYoung2.jpg

10. Martin Luther King, Jr. Small town Baptist preacher Symbol of nonviolent protest for entire world Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 amid southern segregation Morehouse College – Crozer Theological Seminary – doctorate at Boston University in 1955 Married Coretta Scott http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/media/4/46/martin_luther_king.jpg

11. Mohandas Gandhi King was influenced by beliefs of Mohandas Gandhi a leader in India’s long struggle to gain independence from Great Britain He succeeded in 1947 preached nonviolence peacefully refused to obey unjust laws http://worldpeace.org.au/images/gandhi5.jpg

12. Bus boycotters advised to follow 17 rules for maintaining nonviolent approach – films, songs, skits showed Gandhi’s activities Played a key role in almost every major civil rights event from bus boycott until death 1 1 years later = Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 Often attacked physically and verbally, often put in jail, death threats were frequent

13. King Assassinated King was assassinated in Memphis, TN in April 1968 at age of 39. James Earl Ray was convicted in 1969 and sentenced to 99 years in prison. http://www.hestoft.com/adm/photo/35_James_Earl_Ray.jpg

14. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/ MLKLastDayinMemphis.jpg http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8425/MEMPHIS.JPG

15. SNCC Breaks Away “Snick” Philosophy of nonviolence won support of many white Americans for growing movement Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – originally part of SCLC 1960 Raleigh, NC – Ella Baker wanted to give youth a greater role in Civil Rights movement

16. 200 students at first meeting – next month voted to maintain independence – interracial at first Shifted focus from church leaders – wanted immediate change http://socialjustice.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/index.php/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee

17. Jesse Jackson Baptist minister and close aid to Martin Luther King, Jr. Headed Operation Breadbasket until 1971 - expanded educational and job opportunities for African Americans. http://cpl.org/images/mlk/7001.jpg

18. 1 984 ran for Democratic Presidential Nomination. H is candidacy spurred African American voter registration. http://news.boisestate.edu/newsrelease/archive/2006/102006/Jackson.jpg

19. Anne Moody Anne Moody - key civil rights worker had to overcome family discouragement from cause http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0440314887.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg