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Interact: Ch 19 Outline Chapter 19
Latin America, Chapter 19
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Spanish & Portuguese Context
Iberia shaped by frontier experience Dominated by lawyer bureaucracy & Catholic Church Introduction to Americas Treaty of Tordesillas Unlike others, New World conquered - forming new culture
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Conquest: 1492-1570 Caribbean Test Ground
From initial efforts at government & wealth Spanish legalism Encomienda To colonial backwater
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Spanish American mainland
Brazil Portugal slow to colonize Brazil Spanish American mainland Conquest eased by weapons, disease, & Aztec/Inca political problems Conquest forged by greed of humble men in search of nobility
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Spanish American mainland (cont)
Aztecs & Cortes = New Spain Incas & Pizarro = Peru
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Destruction & Transformation
Disease decimated native societies Spain exploited indigenous people Adopting customs when useful Using encomienda labor Mixing racially Debate about nature of natives Bartolome de Las Casas
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Colonization: 1570-1700 Brazil 1st great plantation colony
Sugar labor was difficult - fulfilled by African slaves Dependent on Portugal Brazil integrated w/ Portuguese government Hierarchy based on race
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Spanish America Agriculture
Colonization meant influx of women, priests, & government Agriculture Agrarian society increasingly based on mita, wage labor, & land-ownership
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Spanish Caribbean Adopted much of Brazil’s plantation system
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Mining Massive silver mines heart of colonial econ
Labor system evolved with colonial development Supported gov’t & all other industries Used fleet system to trade silver to China
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State & Church King Council of Indies Viceroy of New Spain
Viceroy of Peru Provincial court administrators Local Bureaucrats
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State & Church Church dominated social service functions of gov’t
Education & intellectual life Frontiers largely governed by Jesuit missions Christianity blended w/ Amerindian & African traditions in Latin America
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Society of Racial Castes
Whites: Peninsulares Creoles Mixed Heritage: Mestizos Mulattos American Indians: Africans:
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Reform: Spain & Portugal weakened by debt & war began losing American monopoly Caribbean mirrored Brazil under Dutch & English Enlightenment ideas & Iberian decline force change
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Brazil & Reforms Gold rush made Portugal dependent on England
Reforms disrupted Jesuits’ patterns of influence Diversified Brazil’s economy laying seed of independence
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Spanish America & Reforms
Reforms centered on restoring royal control & economic efficiency Politically disrupted patterns of influence: Jesuits Creoles Economically developed new areas
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Impact of Reforms Population growth & activist gov created social unrest Ethnic divisions undercut revolution
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North America Colonies largely ignored due to low profitability
Resulting loose control led to: Independent assemblies Emerging commerce & manufacturing Settlers attempt to recreate European society Less impacted by native & African culture
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End of Slave Trade Resistance to slavery grew more common
Slaves & maroon societies Abolition of slave trade motivated by Enlightenment & Christian revival 1807: slave trade abolished 1888: world slavery abolished
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Global Connections Americas emerge as globally significant
Colonies more diverse & complex than seem
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Interact: Ch 19 Outline Question What are the similarities and differences between Spanish America and Brazil?
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