3. Tell the difference between old immigrants and new immigrants  Before 1880s: Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia; skilled workers; spoke English After 1880’s: Ireland, Southern and eastern Europe  Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, poles, Russians and Slovaks (native language); Eastern orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism

4. What role did railroad and steamship companies play in attracting immigrants?

5. What was steerage and what was the journey to America like for immigrants traveling in steerage? Area on ship’s lower levels near steering mechanisms Cramped Poor ventilation No privacy Seasickness Disease

6. How did immigrants adapt to the differences between the United States and their homelands? Lived in neighborhoods with others who shared their nationality Newspapers in own languages Founded schools, churches Local shops Store credit

7. What were tenements? Poorly built, overcrowded apartments

8. “Dumbbell” Tenement

9. “Dumbbell” Tenement, NYC

10. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

11. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

12. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

13. “Dumbbell” Tenement

14. “Dumbbell “ Tenement, NYC

15. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

16. Tenement Slum Living

17. Lodgers Huddled Together

18. Tenement Slum Living

19. Struggling Immigrant Families

20. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

21. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

22. Hester Street – Jewish Section

23. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

24. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

25. Pittsburgh: 86,332  321,572 273%

26. Urban Growth: 1860 - 1920