1. Light-years? Not a problem! D. Russell Humphreys, Ph. D. Creation Research Society D. Russell Humphreys, Ph. D. Creation Research Society

2. Creationists need a “History of Brief Time” A Biblical cosmology should explain: Cosmic microwaves How light got here fast “Pioneer anomaly” Red shifts Stephen Hawking “A Brief History of Time” Starting point: The Genesis deep

3. And the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters. What was the “deep” in Genesis 1:2?

4. The deep was a big ball of water Much bigger than the Earth Earth formless and featureless within the deep

5. The heavens originated in the deep Expanse And God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters…” —Genesis 1:6 Big enough for stars And God called the expanse heavens. —Genesis 1:6 raqia, stereoma, firmamentum, firmament, = something spread out

6. The waters above the heavens affect us here “Praise Him, highest heavens, And the waters that are above the heavens” — Psalm 148:4 Ice particles now Galaxies

7. ... let the waters below the heavens be gathered into one place; and let the dry land appear… —Genesis 1:9 expanse waters below The Earth is near the center Became the Earth

8. At start of 4 th day, earth was the only matter below the waters Unusual gravity situation  Why should gravity matter?

9. Scientists agree: gravity affects time Gravitational time dilation — Lower clocks tick slower Shown by experiment Predicted by Einstein Slow Fast Time: Flies when high Slow when low

10. A trampoline is a good analogy for gravity Dent

11. “Waters above” like ring on trampoline Flat inside ring

12. The tramploline must accelerate Very high acceleration in 4 th space direction Could be centrifugal

13. Acceleration makes cosmic microwaves Unruh effect heats the fabric of space Journal of Creation December 2014

14. The waters above made a very deep dent Water mass: 20 × all the galaxies Gravitational Potential

15. No time below critical level 4 th day: Earth was just above a timeless level Gravitational Potential 0 - ½ c 2- ½ c 2 Earth Waters Above Distance Billions of Light-years

16. During 4 th day, God created the stars New stars  More gravity  Zone of Timelessness And God made the two great lights... and the stars. And God placed them in the expanse of the heavens...  Genesis 1:16

17. New star masses dented the trampoline Distance Waters above Gravitational Potential 0 - ½ c 2- ½ c 2 Additional dent Wave of new stars

18. God stretched the fabric of space, making the nearly-flat region rise up Gravitational Potential 0 Radius [God] stretches out the heavens like a curtain...  Isaiah 40:22

19. Distance Stretching raises the dent above timeless level 0 Gravitational Potential - ½ c 2- ½ c 2 Event horizon Event horizon = where time stops  moves inward

20. Timeless zone followed the wave of new stars

21. Starlight followed the shrinking sphere of timelessness

22. Earth time stopped during 4 th day 4 th day only 24 hours here 4 th day only 24 hours here So Adam could see Milky Way and Andromeda Starlight arrived during 4 th Day “Let there be lights in the firmament... to give light on the earth... and it was so.”  Genesis 1:14, 15

23. Decreasing dent depth causes red shift Gravitational Potential 0 Distance Then Now Photon goes uphill

24. Decrease of dent depth explains the Pioneer anomaly Pioneer 10/11 Solar System Journal of Creation August 2007 Relativity effect Slowdown of space probes 2012 “thermal” theory doesn’t work

25. Read more in Journal of Creation online August 2007 December 2008

26. How light got here Redshift How expansion affects spacecraft Creation cosmology is answering questions So you can trust the Bible to be true Cosmic microwave background