1. Exploring ‘New’ Worlds and Lands
Imperialism

2. European Knowledge of the World 950 CE

3. Renaissance Continued?
How might Renaissance Spirit have contributed to Exploration..?
Classical Learning- Renaissance society had wanted to learn more
Worldly Pleasures- Focused on living in this world; enjoying what the world had to offer was a way to accomplish this
Celebration of the Individual- Glory for explorers (& eventually nations)
Worldly Pleasures - Goods brought by Arab & Turkish caravans
Chinese silks, Indian spices (pepper, ginger, cloves)
These were food preservatives, not just yummy

4. Why by sea? No longer wanted to go over ground Mongols Spices
Arabs and Italians controlled most of the route
Mongols had control of the silk road and the over ground route. High fees had to be paid to the Mongols.
Collapse of Mongol empire, Black Plague made these goods more expensive than before
Venice & Genoa (Italy) controlled Asian goods trade (made a profit!)
By the late 1400s the Arabs and merchants controlled the trade routes.
New monarchs of France, England, Spain, Portugal wanted to control their own route!

5. Trade routes before Renaissance

6. How explore? New Technologies
Caravel:
constructed frame-first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another.
carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails.
Caravel:
constructed frame-first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another.
carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails.
This boat is easier to maunver than most other heavy European ships.

7. Compass: used to indicate direction
Astrolabe: used to determine latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the sun
Astrolabe – Helped the sailor determine the ships latitude and the local time.
Compass helped the sailor find their bearing and chart their course.
Compass: used to indicate direction

8. Motivations 3 G’s of Exploration: Gold: Spices and Profits Glory
Increase in demand due to Crusades
Italian monopoly
Glory
Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually turned into a source of national pride
God: Spread Christianity
Sacred duty to convert all non-believers
3 G’s of Exploration:
Gold: Spices and Profits
Increase in demand due to Crusades – Crusaders brought back luxury goods that the people wanted.
Italian monopoly – Italy controlled trade and other countries wanted the profits.
Glory
Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually turned into a source of national pride
God: Spread Christianity
Sacred duty to convert all non-believers

9. Exploration

10. Portuguese Prince Henry Africa (1441) School of navigation
Quest for $$$ Riches and Christian Kingdom
Wanted another route to the East
Africa (1441)
Gold & Ivory
Slaves: new labor source after plague
60 years—50,000 African Slaves
Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts
Prince Henry of Portugal
School of navigation – he sent cartographers out to start mapping the world and the first islands they discovered were the Azores and the Maderia to the south and west of Portugal.
Quest for riches and Christian Kingdom
First Portuguese discoveries were the Madeira and Azores islands
Africa (1441)
Gold & Ivory
Slaves: good labor source after plague
60 years—50,000 African Slaves
Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts

11. Portuguese Explorers Bartholomew Dias Vasco da Gama
Hits the tip of Africa
(Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama
July 8, 1494 leave for India
10 months later arrives Calicut, India
Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to hero’s welcome
Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands
Bartholomew Dias
Hits the tip of Africa 1448
This opened up a new route to Asia that was not dependent on the Muslims or the Italians.
(Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama
July 8, 1494 leave for India
10 months later arrives Calicut, India
Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to heroes welcome
Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands
Tragedy on the sea. Many of De Gama’s sailors died of hunger, thirst, and scurvy on the way home
½ the ships did not make it back.
This trip and subsequent trips established Portugal as a world power.

12. Vasco da Gama’s voyages

13. What is missing from this "world map" is two or three continents - the Americas and Australia and the vast extent of the Pacific and even Atlantic Oceans. (Note also that the Indian Ocean is treated as an enclosed body of water. Vasco de Gama was to prove this wrong by passing the Cape of Good Hope just five years later.) The Library of Congress exhibit "1492 the Ongoing Voyage"(from which I took this map) has a more in depth treatment of the voyages of Columbus, the culture he came from and the people he encountered.
The World in 1482

14. The World After:

15. Spanish Explorers (aka Sailors)
Columbus
Isabella and Ferdinand to Spain
The good
The bad
The ugly
The interesting
Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain
Magellan
Travel around the world
Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a separate continent
Columbus
Isabella and Ferdinand paid for the trip.
Columbus was not Spanish but an Italian. He worked on a merchant ship and wanted to have his own ship.
The good - Helped to propel Spain into the forefront of European exploration, conquest, & settlement
it was technically the first “encounter” of Europeans in the new world. It used to be a day off school and was designated a federal holiday by Richard Nixon
It also
The Bad – he did not find America, this idea is fiction
The Ugly -
How far was he off in his prediction of the size of the world? 25% and he could not imagine another continent nor another Ocean.
Amerigo Vespucci - cartographer
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain
He went by land through the forests of Panama.
Magellan
Travel around the world
Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a separate continent
It took them 4 months to cross the sea
Magellan is killed in the Philippines
His route around South America later became known as the strait of Magellan
Route took 3 years.

16. Columbus’ Voyages

17. Rivalries on the High Seas
Spain vs. Portugal
Pope Alexander VI and later Julius II demands both countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Line of Demarcation
define what territories was
Spanish and Portuguese in
the New World
West= Spain
East= Portugal
Problem with this line is geography is rather imprecise. Portugal did not realize how much land was out there.

18. Spanish vs. Portuguese
Both have territory in the Americas, “claim happy”
Need to draw a line- Pope Alexander VI (1493) created the Line of Demarcation
West of this line is Spain’s, East is Portugal’s
Treaty of Tordesillas pushed the line a bit farther West

20. Northwest Passage
Many explorers (Columbus incl.) were trying to find an alternate route to Asia (China/India)
Instead of going East, we can go West to get to Asia.
Explorers believed there was water way that led to Asia. Named The Northwest Passage, this mythical body of water was believed to:
Go directly from Europe to Asia
and then later
Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Unfortunately, it did not exist, and North America stood in their way

21. Your favorite foods
On a piece of paper, list three of your favorite foods. Leave lots of space between the 3 items you list. (Hint: it can be manufactured food or fruit/vegetable/fish/meat)
If a made food (such as pizza), list the main ingredients.
Write down if you know where the main ingredients originally grew.

22. Origin of the species Potatoes – Andes of S. America
Corn – The Americas
Wheat – SW Asia
Sugar – SE Asia
Tomatoes – S. America

23. Movement of goods across oceans
Traders had brought spices from Asia.
Now brought new crops from the Americas to Europe.
Europe was the center of a triangular trade.
Europe-Africa-The Americas.

24. Why European countries?
Working with a one partner next to you, brainstorm what would be needed to conduct a major exploration trip. Make your list as inclusive as possible on the key things you would need.
Who is paying for the exploration?

25. Exploration in Africa
We’ve discussed life in Africa before contact, what do we remember..?
Exploration to Africa begins with Dias and De Gama
Search for profit: Africa was a country rich in resources
Establishment of plantations and Slave Trade

26. Atlantic slave trade
Many conquered people were forced to work in mines, plantations
Governors of colonies had incredible power
New diseases and brutal work conditions killed millions
Europeans needed more workers
Started buying slaves from Africa
There was already a slave trade in Africa! What’s new = taking them to the Americas

27. Atlantic Slave Trade
Europeans needed cheap labor for farms (the British and Spanish) and silver mines (Spanish)
10-12 million Africans forced come to America
Mostly to South America, esp Brazil for the sugar plantations
Slaves in all 13 British colonies

28. The triangle trade -- simplified

29. The triangle trade -- detailed

30. Latin American Colonial Life
Spanish-Dominated colonial structure (why would they do this?)
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizoes
Mulatoes
Spread of Christianity

31. CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Negative Impacts of Exploration
Epidemics - Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured:
Small Pox
Influenza.
Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases.
Indigenous Pop. in 1492: million. Indigenous Pop. in 1750: Less than 500,000
Negative Impacts of Exploration
Epidemics - Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured:
Small Pox
Influenza.
These diseases were devastating to the people of the Americas because this was their first exposure to the disease.
Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1492: million. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1750: Less than 500,000

32. Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange – the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants and animals, and disease that began with Columbus’s exploration of the new world.
Name some of your favorite foods!
Look at the charts on pages and see where the foods came from.
How would your diet be different without the Columbian Exchange?
Have the students pull out their books to page The should also pull out their handouts where they took notes on this section.
To start off the discussion of this new topic, first define the Columbian Exchange – the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants, and animals and disease that began with Columbus’s exploration of the new world.
Personalize the exchange by asking the students about some of their favorite foods.
Look at the charts on page and see where your fav. foods came from.
How would your diet be different without the Columbian exchange?
Pizza would not be possible without the Columbian Exchange.

33. CE Continued…
Continue looking at the charts and pictures on pages
Which foods that originated in the Western Hemisphere are important staples in Africa today?
How might a continent like Africa – which in some places suffer from frequent droughts and malnutrition – be different without such foods.?
What were three major impacts of the Columbian exchange and explain why they were so important?
What were some of the unmentioned costs of the Columbian Exchange?
Which foods that originated in the Western Hemisphere are important staples in Africa today?
- corn and peanuts
How might a continent like Africa – which in some places suffer from frequent droughts and malnutrition – be different without such foods.?
- Without such foods, which have enriched African diets and been found to grow well there, many Africans might have less opportunity for nourishment.
What were three major impacts of the Columbian exchange and explain why they were so important?
What were some of the unmentioned costs of the Columbian Exchange?
There were many environmental costs as new species invade different ecosystems (Bring up the problems with English Ivy in the Seattle Area. Another example is the blackberry –- it grows so well here because they are not native.
There were also political costs as people invaded other societies – Empires such as the Aztec and Inca empires fell
There were also economic costs as one system of exchange disappears and another takes its place.

34. The Causes and Effects of the Columbian Exchange

35. Consequences of Contact – Commercial Revolution
What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system?
What is a guild how does it compare to the “putting out” system?
Why did entrepreneurs want to bypass the guilds?
What does the word “mercantilism” mean?
How did mercantilist nations strengthen their economies?
Answers to these questions are on pages
What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system?
- nations pushed for overseas empires, the price of revolution occurred, and entrepreneurs and capitalist investors assumed the risk of doing business, spurring trade.
What is a guild how does it compare to the “putting out” system? (494)
- guilds were organizations of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold the standards of their trade and to protect their economic industry.
- Putting out system – a system developed in the 18th C in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.
What did entrepreneurs want to bypass the guilds?
- Entrepreneurs wanted enough goods for large markets and greater freedom than the guilds allowed.
- Entrepreneur are people who take a financial risk to make profits. Explain that entrepreneurs were not inventors in this time period but investors.
What does the word “mercantilism” mean?
- Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver.
How did mercantilist nations strengthen their economies?
- They exploited more than they imported, built up supplies of silver and gold, boosted production by exploiting resources, build roads, backed new industries, and established standard weights and measures. This also allowed monopolies and imposed tariffs.
- Mercantialists believed that colonies exsisted for the benefit of the parent country.

36. The Causes and Effects of the Commercial Revolution

37. Consequences of Contact/Exploration
Summary of European influences:
Europe dominates much of the world from
Connection of Africa, American and European economies and politics
Trade (sharing of ideas), different foods introduced (Corn/maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world.
Advancement of Western Civilization – precursor to the United States.

38. CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Europe dominates much of the world from 1500 to 1900
Connection of Africa, America, and Europe’s economies and politics
Trade (sharing of ideas), Different foods introduced (Corn/Maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world.
Advancement of Western Civilization, precursor to the United States

39. Colonies in the Americas
How did Spain and Portugal build colonies in the Americas?
Write a diary entry from the perspective of one of the groups in the colonies. Describe what a typical day for you might have been like.
What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system?