1. Organic Compounds
“Macromolecules”

2. SPONCH

3. Macromolecules in Living Organisms
There are 4 main classes of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

4. Carbohydrates Main function is energy storage Play a role in:
Cell to cell communication
Immune system
Fertilization
Blood clotting

5. Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharide: single sugar (1C:2H:1O)
Examples: glucose (energy for cells), fructose (found in fruit), galactose (found in milk)
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction
Example: sucrose, lactose (milk), maltose (beer)
Polysaccharide: three or more monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction
Examples: glycogen (animals store excess sugar); starch (plants store excess sugar)

6. Store and release energy
Stores energy more efficiently than carbohydrates
Essential fatty acids important in regulating blood pressure

7. Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Do NOT dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
Fatty Acids: un-branched carbon chains with carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
Complex Lipids:
Triglyceride
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids: four carbon rings with various functional groups attached
Testosterone, cholesterol

8. Phospholipids Found in cell membranes
Used to transport materials into or out of a cell
Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail

9. Triglycerides Fats & oils
Saturated (animals): solid at room temperature
Carbon Single Bonds
Unsaturated (plants): liquids at room temperature
Carbon Double Bonds

10. Waxes Highly waterproof In plants forms cuticle In animals earwax
(protective outer covering)
In animals earwax
(keeps micro-organisms from entering inner ear)

11. Proteins Structure Storage Transport Hormones Defense ENZYMES!!!!!
Cell membranes
Skin
Tendons
Nails
Hair
Muscle
Storage
Transport
Hormones
Defense
ENZYMES!!!!!

12. Proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Formed by linking many amino acids together
(held together by a peptide bond)
Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and an “R” group

13. Proteins R | H2N – C – COOH H
Make up 50% of the dry weight of living organisms
Building blocks
Amino acids, dipeptide, polypeptide R |
H2N – C – COOH H
The R group is different in each amino acid, & its properties determine the final structure & function of the protein

15. Proteins

16. Steroids
Steroid nucleus
Functions

17. Nucleic Acids Molecules of inheritance
Assembled from monomers called nucleotides
A nucleotide contains: phosphate group, nitrogen base, a five carbon sugar
DNA & RNA

18. Nucleic Acids

19. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Deoxyribonuleic acid Double stranded
Sugar is deoxyribose
N base: A, C, G, T
Double stranded
Contains information about cell activities and cell division
Stays in the nucleus
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Sugar is ribose
N base: A, C, G, U
Single stranded
Stores and transfers information on making proteins
Reads the information carried by DNA
Leaves the nucleus
3 types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA