1. Concept Theory Factors
Transfer of Training
Concept
Theory
Factors

2. Transfer of Training Definition
Transfer of training is effectively and continuing applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in a learning environment to the job environment.

3. Transfer of Learning
The application of skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation.

4. The Theory of Transfer of Learning was introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth (1901). They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and problem solving, since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004).

5. Types of transfer
Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following explanation, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220).

6. Type - Characteristics
Near - Overlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar
Far - Little overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar
Positive - What is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)
Negative - What is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)
Vertical - Knowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge (Ormrod, 2004)

7. Type - Characteristics
Horizontal - Knowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic (Ormrod, 2004)
Literal - Intact knowledge transfers to new task
Figural - Use some aspect of general knowledge to think or learn about a problem

8. Type - Characteristics
Low Road - Transfer of well-established skills in almost automatic fashion
High Road - Transfer involves abstraction so conscious formulations of connections between contexts
High Road /Forward Reaching - Abstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context
High Road / Backward Reaching - Abstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned

9. Transfer of Training Process
Trainees Characteristics
Motivation
Ability
Generalization and
Retention
Training Design
Learning environment
Transfer of Training Theory
Self-management Strategy
Learning Retention
Work environment
Climate of transfer
Management and Peers support
Opportunity
Technology support

10. Trainee characteristics
Motivation and ability to learn
Basic skills needed (cognitive ability, reading skills)
Motivation to learn
Self-efficacy

11. Training design Objective Practice Feedback Material
Applications of ToT Theory
Self management strategies

12. Work Environment Climate for transfer Manager Support Peer support
Opportunity to use
Technological support

13. Organization Environment
Learning organization
Knowledge management

15. DISCUSSION Bincangkan sejauhmana pentingnya teori elemen seiras (identical elements) dalam latihan komputer.