1. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 1 Studying a Child’s World

2. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Early Approaches to Child Development  Child development  Scientific study of processes of change and stability in children from conception through adolescence.  Early approaches  Baby biographies – First recorded in 1787.  Darwin’s journal - 1877  Development  Scientific respectability  30 more in next three decades 1-2

3. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Developmental Psychology: A Science  Early 20c  Infant survival  Protecting children  Adolescence  Understanding influences on children  Establishment of research institutes  Emergence of child psychology as a true science  Gesell’s studies on stages in motor development 1-3

4. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Domains of Development  Physical development:  Growth of body and brain  Cognitive development:  Pattern of change in mental abilities  Psychosocial development:  Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships  BioPsychoSocial Development 1-4

5. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Periods of Development 1-5 Prenatal period Middle and late childhood AdolescenceInfancy/ToddlerEarly childhood Conception to Birth 5/6 – 11/12 11/12 – 200 – 3 years3 – 5/6

6. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Influences on Development  What makes each child unique?  Primary challenges in developmental psychology:  Identify the universal influences on development.  Apply influences to the understanding of individual differences in developmental trajectories.  Heredity  Environment  Socialization  Maturation 1-6

7. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Contexts of Development  Family  Nuclear vs. Extended  Culture and Race/Ethnicity  Socioeconomic Status (SES)  Historical Context 1-7

8. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Normative vs Non-Normative Influences  Normative Influences  Similar way for most people in a group.  Age-graded  History-graded  Cohort  Non-normative Influences  Unusual event that happens to a particular person.  Typical event that happens at an unusual time of life 1-8

9. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Timing of Influences  Biologically Controlled  Imprinting  Critical period  Sensitive periods  Plasticity 1-9

10. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. An Emerging Consensus  All domains of development are interrelated.  Normal development includes a wide range of individual differences.  Children help shape their development and influence others’ responses to them.  Historical and cultural contexts strongly influence development.  Early experience is important, but children can be remarkably resilient.  Development in childhood affects development throughout the life span. 1-10