1. Unifying Italy Essential Questions and Responses

2. Obstacles to Italian Unity What were some of the early obstacles that Italian Nationalists faced before uniting? – Certain regions had greater local ties to provinces/regions rather than to a future “Italy” – Congress of Vienna empowered monarchs and foreign rulers (Austrian/French, etc.)

3. Obstacles to Italian Unity Why did Mazzini create “Young Italy”? – In order to create a secret society that would seek to create one, free, independent, republican nation known as Italy – Create a strong Nationalist group that would orchestrate unification of Italian people from different regions

4. Obstacles to Italian Unity Why did Italian Nationalists want a unified Italy? – Made sense because of geography – Would help economically, especially because it would end trade barriers and stimulate industry – Italians shared a common language and history – To return to the glories of ancient Rome

5. The Struggle for Italy How did Camillo Cavour impact the “Risorgimento” (Italian Nationalist Movement)? – He was a crafty, liberal politician who also practiced “realpolitik” – Reformed Sardinia’s economy, improved agriculture, industry, and trade – Gained favor with Napoleon III, and allied with him to oust Austrian rule in Northern Italy

6. The Struggle for Italy How did Giuseppe Garibaldi impact the “Risorgimento” (Italian Nationalist Movement)? – Longtime Italian Nationalist, recruited a military force of 1,000 “Red Shirts” – Accepted weapons and ships from Mazzini, and led his “Red Shirts” to take control over Sicily and Naples – Turned over control to King Victor Emanuel II to unite northern and southern Italy

7. Challenges Facing the New Nation What divisions existed in Italy after the country unified? – The North was considerably wealthier than the South – Regional rivalries made political decisions difficult – Hostility existed between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church

8. Challenges Facing the New Nation How was the new Italian state constructed politically, and what problems did this pose? – Constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature – The King apponted members of the upper house and had veto power over the elected, lower house. This gave the monarchy the power – Radicals challenged the new Italian government for further reform, even suffrage

9. Challenges Facing the New Nation How did Italians progress economically after they formed their one, unified state? – Industries started to flourish in the north, bringing factories, cities, and thus, urbanization – Reformers sought improved education and working conditions – Italians were granted the right of “emigration”, or to exit the country and leave for other countries such as the United States, Canada, etc.