1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The nervous system Neurons Structures of the brain and their functions The endocrine system Brain damage, plasticity, and repair Genetics and behavior

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Nervous System Electrochemical communication circuitry Neuroscience - the study of the nervous system Neuroscientists Made up of billions of communicating nerve cells

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Nervous System: Characteristics Complexity Integration – Pulls info together Adaptability Plasticity - brains ability to change Electrochemical Transmission

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Nervous System: Pathways Afferent Nerves Sensory nerves Information to brain and spinal cord Efferent Nerves Motor nerves Information out of brain and spinal cord Neural Networks Integration of sensory input and motor output

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Nervous System: Primary Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Network of nerves connecting CNS to body Two subdivisions: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Nervous System: PNS Divisions Somatic nervous system Sensory information from skin and muscles to CNS controls the body’s skeletal muscles Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Nervous System: PNS Divisions Autonomic nervous system Messages to and from internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Two subdivisions: Sympathetic nervous system  arousing Parasympathetic nervous system  calming

9. Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats and stress “Fight or flight”

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Nervous System: Stress Stress – individual response to environmental stressors Stressors – events that threaten individuals & cause physical change to handle the stress Corticosteroids Stress hormones (focus attention) Acute stress is momentary Chronic stress is continuous

11. Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Nervous System: Cells Neurons Nerve cells building blocks of the nervous system Information processing Glial cells Support (keep Neuron running smoothly) Nutritional benefits

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Neurons: Structure Cell body Contains nucleus Directs growth and maintenance Dendrites Fibers projecting from neuron Receives information

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Neurons: Structure Axon Carries information from cell body toward other cells Myelin sheath Layer of fat cells, encasing and insulating most axons Speed up transmission of nerve impulse Terminals Form junctions w/ other cells

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Figure 2.2 - The Neuron

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Neural Impulse Resting potential Stable, negative charge of inactive neuron Ion channels are closed Neuron is Polarized Positive on outside – Negative on inside

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Figure 2.3 - The Resting Potential

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Neural Impulse Action potential Brief, positive electrical charge, or firing Neuron is Depolarized Abides by the all-or-nothing principle: Once the electrical impulse reaches its threshold, it fires and moves down the axon without losing any of its intensity

20. Axon – inside and out

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Figure 2.4 - The Action Potential

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapses Space between neurons (synaptic gap) Neurotransmitters Stored in synaptic vesicles (sacs) within terminal buttons Chemical signals which allow electrical impulses to cross synaptic gaps

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Figure 2.5 - How Synapses and Transmitters Work

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Neurochemical Messengers Neurotransmitters are excitatory, inhibitory, or both Excitatory - increase the likelihood of action potential Inhibitory - decrease the likelihood of action potential

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Neurochemical Messengers Acetylcholine (ACh) Stimulates firing of neurons Involved in action of muscles, learning, memory Alzheimer disease: ACh deficiency Black Widow Venom increases ACh = spasms

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Neurochemical Messengers Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Keeps many neurons from firing Anxiety: Low levels of GABA Norepinephrine Inhibits firing of neurons in CNS Excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract Stress stimulates release of norepinephrine Depression: Too little norepinephrine Agitated, manic states: Too much norepinephrine

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Neurochemical Messengers Dopamine Helps to control voluntary movement Affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, rewards Parkinson disease: Low levels of dopamine Schizophrenia: High levels of dopamine Serotonin Involved in regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning Depression: Lowered levels of serotonin

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Neurochemical Messengers Endorphins Natural opiates that mainly stimulate firing of neurons Shield body from pain Elevate feelings of pleasure Oxytocin Hormone and neurotransmitter Important role in experience of love and social bonding

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Drugs and Neurotransmitters Drugs influence behavior by interfering with neurotransmitters Agonist Drug that mimics or increases effects of neurotransmitter Antagonist Drug that blocks effects of neurotransmitter

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Studying the Brain Brain lesioning Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease Electrical recording Electroencephalogram (EEG) Detects brain wave activity

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Brain Imaging X-ray  two-dimensional images CT (or CAT) scan  three-dimensional images PET scan  metabolic changes MRI  brain structure f MRI  brain function

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Brain Imaging CT or CAT ScanPET Scan MRI Scan X Ray EEG

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Organization of the Brain Hindbrain Adjacent to top part of spinal cord Midbrain Rises above hindbrain Forebrain Uppermost region of brain

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Figure 2.11 - Structure and Regions in the Human Brain

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Hindbrain Medulla Controls vital functions Breathing and heart rate Regulates reflexes Cerebellum Motor coordination

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Hindbrain Pons Sleep and arousal Brain stem Includes much of hindbrain (not cerebellum) and midbrain Determines alertness Regulates basic survival functions

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Midbrain Reticular formation Involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior, such as walking and sleeping

38. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 38 Forebrain Limbic system Thalamus Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Forebrain: Limbic System Important in both memory and emotion Two principal structures Amygdala Discrimination of objects necessary for survival Tied to intense emotions (fear, anger, aggression) Hippocampus Has special role in storage of memories

40. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 40 Forebrain: Thalamus & Basal Ganglia Thalamus Serves as relay station for information Sorts info and send it to appropriate part of the brain. Basal ganglia Works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex Controls and coordinates voluntary movements

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Forebrain: Hypothalamus Monitors: Eating, drinking, and sex Emotion, stress, and reward Helps direct endocrine system Regulator of body’s internal state Involved in pleasurable feelings

43. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 43 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Occipital lobes Responding to visual stimuli Temporal lobes Hearing, language processing, memory Frontal lobes Personality, intelligence, control of voluntary muscles

44. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 44 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Parietal lobes Registering spatial location, attention, motor control Somatosensory cortex Located at front of parietal lobes Processes information about body sensations

45. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 45 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Motor cortex Located just behind frontal lobes Processes information about voluntary movement Association cortex / Association Areas Makes up 75% of cerebral cortex Integrates information & highest intellectual functions

46. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 46 Figure 2.15 - The Cerebral Cortex’s Lobes and Association Areas

47. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 47 Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus callosum Large bundle of axons connecting brain’s two hemispheres Relays information between two sides

48. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 48 Figure 2.18 – Corpus Callosum

49. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 49 Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Receives information from right side of body Language processing, such as speech and grammar

50. Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Broca’s Area - controls language expression and the muscle’s involved with producing speech Wernicke’s Area - responsible for language processing © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 50

51. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 51 Cerebral Hemispheres Right Hemisphere Receives information from left side of body Processing nonverbal information, such as spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion

52. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 52

53. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 53 Endocrine System Endocrine system Set of glands that regulate activities of certain organs Glands Organs or tissues that create chemicals that control bodily functions

54. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 54 Endocrine System Hormones Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

55. Endocrine System © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 55

56. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 56 Endocrine System Pituitary gland Master Gland Controls growth and regulates other glands Pineal Gland Responsible for the hormone “Melatonin” Increase = sleep; Decrease = awake Thyroid and parathyroid glands Regulates metabolism & calcium in blood

57. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 57 Endocrine System Adrenal glands Regulate mood, energy level, and ability to cope with stress Pancreas Performs digestive and endocrine functions Secretes Insulin to regulate blood sugar. Ovaries and testes Produce hormones related to sexual development and reproduction

58. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 58 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair Collateral sprouting Axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches Substitution of function Damaged region’s function is taken over by another brain area Neurogenesis New neurons are generated

59. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 59 Brain Tissue Implants Brain grafts Implants of healthy tissue into damaged brains Stem cells Primitive cells with capacity to develop into most types of human cells

60. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 60 Genetics and Behavior Chromosomes Threadlike structures containing DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Complex molecule that carries genetic information Genes Units of hereditary information

61. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 61 Genetics and Behavior Genome Complete set of genetic instructions for making an organism Human genome project International research program mapping human genome

62. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 62 Figure 2.22 - Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA

63. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 63 The Study of Genetics Dominant-recessive genes principle Dominant gene overrides recessive gene Polygenic inheritance Influence of multiple genes on behavior

64. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 64 The Study of Genetics Molecular genetics Manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior Selective breeding Genetic method used to demonstrate importance of genetic influence on behavior Reared in one of two environments: An impoverished environment An enriched environment

65. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 65 The Study of Genetics Behavior genetics Study of degree and nature of heredity’s influence on behavior Twin Studies Identical vs. fraternal twins Minnesota study of twins reared apart (1996)

66. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 66 Genes and the Environment Genotype Genetic heritage Phenotype Observable characteristics Influenced by genotype and environmental factors Genetic expression Activity of genes is affected by their environment