1. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Introduction Chapter 1

2. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Definition of a Distributed System (1) A distributed system is: A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.

3. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Definition of a Distributed System (2) A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines. 1.1

4. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Goals Connecting Users and Resources Transparency Openness Scalability

5. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Transparency in a Distributed System Different forms of transparency in a distributed system. TransparencyDescription Access Hide differences in data representation and how a resource is accessed LocationHide where a resource is located MigrationHide that a resource may move to another location Relocation Hide that a resource may be moved to another location while in use Replication Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users Concurrency Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users FailureHide the failure and recovery of a resource Persistence Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or on disk

6. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Degree of Transparency Is transparency good anytime and everywhere? Tradeoff between transparency and performance. - Updating a replicated database!

7. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Openness Offering services based on standards. Services are specified through interfaces, described in IDL (Interface Definition Language) Interoperability: two implementations of a system to co-exist and work together. Portability: An application developed to work on A can be executed on another system B. Separating policy from mechanism

8. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Scalability 3 different dimensions –Size: Adding more users and resources to the system. –Geography: Users and resources can lie far apart. –Administration: Many administration organization!

9. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Scalability Problems & Limitations Examples of scalability limitations. ConceptExample Centralized servicesA single server for all users Centralized dataA single on-line telephone book Centralized algorithmsDoing routing based on complete information

10. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Scalability Solutions 3 Solutions –Hiding communication latencies: try to avoid waiting for responses to remote service requests  Use Asynchronous Communication Many applications cannot run on an asynch communication system Next slide example. –Distribution: DNS as example –Replication: Caching and consistency!

11. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Scaling Techniques (1) 1.4 The difference between letting: a)a server or b)a client check forms as they are being filled

12. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Scaling Techniques (2) 1.5 An example of dividing the DNS name space into zones.

13. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Hardware Concepts 1.6 Different basic organizations and memories in distributed computer systems

14. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multiprocessors (1) A bus-based multiprocessor. 1.7 Memory is Coherent. The bus is overloaded. Caching: hit-rate? Scalability?

15. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multiprocessors (2) a)A crossbar switch b)An omega switching network 1.8

16. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Homogeneous Multicomputer Systems a)Grid b)Hypercube 1-9

17. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Software Concepts An overview of DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware SystemDescriptionMain Goal DOS Tightly-coupled operating system for multi- processors and homogeneous multicomputers Hide and manage hardware resources NOS Loosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN) Offer local services to remote clients Middleware Additional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose services Provide distribution transparency

18. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Uniprocessor Operating Systems Separating applications from operating system code through a microkernel. 1.11

19. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multiprocessor Operating Systems (1) A monitor to protect an integer against concurrent access. monitor Counter { private: int count = 0; public: int value() { return count;} void incr () { count = count + 1;} void decr() { count = count – 1;} }

20. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multiprocessor Operating Systems (2) A monitor to protect an integer against concurrent access, but blocking a process. monitor Counter { private: int count = 0; int blocked_procs = 0; condition unblocked; public: int value () { return count;} void incr () { if (blocked_procs == 0) count = count + 1; else signal (unblocked); } void decr() { if (count ==0) { blocked_procs = blocked_procs + 1; wait (unblocked); blocked_procs = blocked_procs – 1; } else count = count – 1; }

21. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multicomputer Operating Systems (1) General structure of a multicomputer operating system Message Passing 1.14

22. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multicomputer Operating Systems (2) Alternatives for blocking and buffering in message passing. 1.15

23. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multicomputer Operating Systems (3) Relation between blocking, buffering, and reliable communications. Synchronization pointSend buffer Reliable comm. guaranteed? Block sender until buffer not fullYesNot necessary Block sender until message sentNoNot necessary Block sender until message receivedNoNecessary Block sender until message deliveredNoNecessary

24. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Distributed Shared Memory Systems (1) a)Pages of address space distributed among four machines b)Situation after CPU 1 references page 10 c)Situation if page 10 is read only and replication is used

25. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Distributed Shared Memory Systems (2) False sharing of a page between two independent processes. 1.18 False Sharing!

26. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Network Operating System (1) General structure of a network operating system. 1-19

27. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Network Operating System (2) Two clients and a server in a network operating system. 1-20

28. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Network Operating System (3) Different clients may mount the servers in different places. 1.21

29. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Positioning Middleware General structure of a distributed system as middleware. 1-22

30. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Middleware and Openness In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications. 1.23

31. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Comparison between Systems A comparison between multiprocessor operating systems, multicomputer operating systems, network operating systems, and middleware based distributed systems. Item Distributed OS Network OS Middleware- based OS Multiproc.Multicomp. Degree of transparencyVery HighHighLowHigh Same OS on all nodesYes No Number of copies of OS1NNN Basis for communication Shared memory MessagesFilesModel specific Resource management Global, central Global, distributed Per node ScalabilityNoModeratelyYesVaries OpennessClosed Open

32. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Clients and Servers General interaction between a client and a server. 1.25

33. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili An Example Client and Server (1) The header.h file used by the client and server.

34. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili An Example Client and Server (2) A sample server.

35. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili An Example Client and Server (3) A client using the server to copy a file. 1-27 b

36. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Application Layering:Processing Level The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers 1-28

37. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multitiered Architectures (1) Alternative client-server organizations (a) – (e). 1-29

38. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Multitiered Architectures (2) An example of a server acting as a client. 1-30

39. OS2- Sem1-83; R. Jalili Modern Architectures An example of horizontal distribution of a Web service. 1-31