1. COLONIZATION AND SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS AP World History Mr. Charnley

2. Age of Exploration  The Columbian Exchange  Disease  Agriculture  Livestock  European Commercialism  Battle of Lepanto (1571): Europeans became dominant naval power  Europeans set up coastal trading posts in Africa and Asia

3. Spain  Iberia  Urban  Patriarchal  Slavery  Bureaucratic  theocratic  New World  Social stratification Economically based Ethnically based Plantation-style agriculture

4. Spain  Caribbean  Hispaniola (1493)  Puerto Rico (1508)  Cuba (1511)  Template for future conquest and colonization  Depopulation due to slavery, epidemics, and harsh labor conditions weakened Spanish Caribbean

5. Expansionism  Spain  Late 15 th century: West Indian Islands (Caribbean)  Panama Vasco de Balboa  Mexico 1518 - 20 Hernan Cortes conquered Aztec Empire  South America 1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in Peru

6. Spain  Hernan Cortes (1519)  Led 600 men into Mexico  Used native allies to destroy Aztec Empire  Replaced Tenochtitlan with Mexico City  By 1535 Mexico had been brought under Spanish control = New Spain

7. Spain  Francisco Pizarro (1532- 1533)  Led 200 men into Peru  Captured Cuzco in 1533, but moved capital to Lima  By 1540 most of Peru was under Spanish control

8. Spain  Encomienda  Grant of native forced laborers to European settlers  Imported African slaves to replace depopulated native laborers  Spanish women emigrated to New World  Hacienda  Large rural estates  Used native laborers who had left their communities  Basis of wealth and power in New Spain

9. Spain  Sociedad de Castas  Peninsulares  Creoles  Mulattoes  Mestizos  Natives  African slaves  Also based on gender, age, and social class

10. Spain  Social Effects  Spanish government banned all conquering expeditions Outlawed enslavement of natives Discontinued encomienda system  Bartolome De Las Casas Argued natives were humans Criticized Spanish colonial treatment of native laborers

11. Spain  Political Effects  Rivalries with France, Netherlands, and England  Lost many Caribbean Islands to rival nations  Continental wars with other European powers

12. Spain  Economic Effects  50% of silver from Americas went to Spain  Silver made up 25% of Spain’s revenues  Most silver went to paying debts or supplying colonies

13. Portugal  Brazil  Settled between 1500- 1549  Government issued feudal grants to landowners  Mainly a sugar plantation colony  Leading producer of sugar in world  Large scale slavery- based plantation colony  Social system based on race

14. Portugal  Decline  1695 Gold Rush Overspent on trade goods from England No domestic manufacturing

15. Age of Exploration  World Economy  Mercantilism  Shift from Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade routes to Trans-Atlantic trade  Asia  China only participated in international trade secondhand; resisted new technologies  Japan after initial openness returned to isolationist policy

16. North American Colonization  North American Colonization  European expeditions led by enterprising adventurers  Loose imperial control over colonies  Tributary system with local native rulers  Christian missionaries  Colonial administrators

17. North American Colonization  British North America  17 th Century Religious refugee colonies Massachusetts: Calvinists Pennsylvania: Quakers Maryland: Catholics  Royal land grants encouraged recruitment of settlers  English captured New Netherland from Dutch in 1664 New York

18. North American Colonization  British North America  Modeled after European society  Self sufficient Local government Local manufacturing and trade  Society structured around family  Southern colonies modeled after West Indies colonies Slave labor Cash crops = tobacco, sugar, cotton plantations

20. North American Colonization  French North America  New France  Manorial estates Landowner elite Peasantry  Quebec  Strong Catholic influence Jesuit missionaries

21. North American Colonization  International Conflict  Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)  French and Indian War (1754-1763)  France lost Canada and Mississippi possessions

22. North American Colonization  Atlantic colonies  Secondary in importance to European powers More interested in Caribbean and African outposts  Society Strong merchant class Western European culture Ideals of political, religious, and economic freedom Segregated from native population ¼ population African slaves

23. European Colonization  African colonies  Restricted to coastal outposts  Portugal sent expeditions to capture slaves  Netherlands colonized Cape of Good Hope Cape Town Boers = Dutch farmers  Asian colonies  Spain settled Philippine Islands  Dutch East India Company settled Indonesia and Taiwan

24. European Colonization  India  Mughal Empire weakened  British and French built fortified outposts along Indian coast  British East India Company Calcutta Naval supremacy  Seven Years’ War removed French influence from India British allied with local Hindu princes

25. European Colonization  Global Impact  Western Europe Extended international conflicts Colonial trade goods Sugar Salt Domestic manufacturing and industrialization Colonies provided raw materials and markets for goods Social Inequality North American Slavery Latin American Serfdom African diaspora

26. TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AP World History Mr. Charnley

27. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  Europeans  Established trading posts and military bases along west coast of Africa  Transitioned from attempting to capture slaves to trading with African kingdoms for captives  Demand increased when sugar plantations were established in New World

28. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  Data  12 million Africans exported to Americas from 1450- 1850  6 million Africans died during slave raids or forced marches to coastal ports  2 million Africans died on Middle Passage  Made up 25% of North American population and 80% of Caribbean population  42% of Africans were shipped to Brazil

29. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  Demographics  Majority of imported slaves were men Decreasing population caused high demand Only form of population control was to increase imports

30. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  Africans  Kingdoms close to the west coast became more powerful due to ties with European traders  Waged wars to meet high demand for slaves  Middle Passage Journey from Africa to Americas 18% mortality rate  West Africans highly sought due to job specialization

31. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  Social Effects  Social Hierarchy Creole and mulatto slaves given more freedoms than Africans Segregated based on tribal affiliations  Political Effects  England banned slave trade and used navy to enforce  African kingdoms exported alternate trade goods