1. AP World History: The Byzantine Empire Period Three NY State Standards 2, 3 Common Core RS 6, 9, WS 1

2. I Rome Wasn’t Dead Yet! A)Recall that Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in half. Under Constantine, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. When the Roman Empire fell in the West in 476 CE, the Empire continued in the East for almost 1000 more years! Historians remember it as the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople’s former name was Byzantium. Today, it is the city of Istanbul in modern day Turkey.

4. Reconstruction of the Forum of Constantine, Constantinople

5. Rome Wasn’t Dead Yet! Continued… B) Constantinople was located on the Bosphorus, a strait that links the Black and Mediterranean Seas. *It also links Europe and Asia!

6. Walls of Theodosius

7. E) Hippodrome A sports arena for chariot racing.

8. II Age of Justinian (Ruled 527 – 565 CE) A) His goal was to revive the glory of Rome.

10. Byzantine Soldiers

11. Age of Justinian Continued… B) He built the Hagia Sophia Church“Holy Wisdom” in 537 CE. The interior dome is covered in gold. “O Solomon I have surpassed you!” When Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks, the Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque. Today it is a museum.

13. Age of Justinian Continued… C) Justinian organized Roman laws into the “Body of Civil Law”. Today it is known as the Justinian Code. It protected Roman laws from disappearing.

14. Justinian Code Excerpts Book One, Of Persons 3. The maxims of laws are these: to live honestly, to hurt no one, to give everyone his due. Book Two, Of Things 5. The public use of the seashore is part of the law of nations, as is that of the sea itself; and, therefore, any person is at liberty to place on it a cottage, to which he may retreat, or to dry his nets there, and haul them from the sea; for the shores may be said to be the property of no man. Book XVII Buying & Selling 1. It is necessary that a price should be agreed upon, for there can be no sale without a price… a sale is not considered to be completed unless an instrument of sale has been drawn up…

15. III Theodora (500 – 548 CE) A)Born into the lowest class of Byzantine society, but married Justinian 523 CE (before he became Emperor) B) She acted as a joint ruler with her husband Theodora's father was the bear keeper at the Hippodrome. Theodora began her career first as an actress, which was considered to be a disgraceful profession.

16. Theodora Continued… C) In 532 CE, a rebellion broke out at the Hippodrome (the Nika Revolt). The protesters set many buildings on fire, and declared a new emperor. Justinian wanted to flee the city, but Theodora convinced him to take strong action. Justinian sent in his army, causing the death of 30,000 protesters.

17. Theodora Continued… D) She helped create reforms to help women. - Banned killing of unwanted babies -Gave women property rights in divorce -Banned the murder of a wife who committed adultery - Closed brothels

18. IV Byzantine Christianity A) The Byzantine Church was headed by the Patriarch. *Rejected the authority of the Pope* B) Byzantine clergy could marry (After 1100s priests in the West could not) C) Greek, not Latin was the language of the church

19. Byzantine Christianity Continued… D) In the 8 th century, the Byzantine Emperor banned icons (images of religious figures). This led to a schism (permanent split) with the Western Church. The icon ban was lifted in 867. E) In 1054 the Pope and the Patriarch excommunicated each other. This is known as the Great Schism. The excommunications were not lifted until 1965! Excommunication was to many a punishment worse than death! It meant that you were no longer allowed to receive the Holy Sacraments, and were doomed to eternity in hell.

20. Byzantine Icons

21. V Collapse of the Byzantine Empire The empire began to disintegrate in the eleventh century. The Ottoman Turks slowly eroded Roman, or Byzantine, power over the course of centuries. By 1453, the Byzantine Empire consisted of the city of Constantinople and little else. In the end, gunpowder eradicated the Ottoman’s final obstacle to capturing Constantinople and toppling the Eastern Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire survived the fifth century with their superior economy, military, and bureaucracy. Their western brothers lacked these resources and quickly disintegrated. These advantages served Constantinople for the next few centuries. The Byzantine Empire seemed immortal and immune to the same issues that plagued Rome. However, the upstart Turks showed little respect for Roman tradition. In 1071, the course of Byzantine, and Eastern European, history changed. The Turks won a major victory over the Byzantines at Manzikert. The decisive battle did not destroy the empire. However, it proved a short term setback and long term disaster for Constantinople… In a strange twist, the Muslims enjoyed inadvertent Christian support in their conquest. In the early thirteenth century, Christendom declared a Fourth Crusade against Muslims in the Holy Land. In 1202, the army began their journey to the Middle East. Along the way, they diverted to Constantinople and sacked the city. The attack lasted three days and the westerners destroyed priceless art and the Library of Constantinople. In fact, the Crusaders destroyed or stole everything they could. Then, they reapportioned the empire amongst its leaders creating their own states. Eventually, the Byzantines reestablished control over their territories. However, the attack severely weakened the empire politically and economically as the Crusaders depleted the imperial treasury. The sack of Constantinople horrified Western European leaders who looked to Byzantium as a bulwark against Islamic invasion. Meanwhile, the Islamic Turks continued their slow march to Constantinople. By the fifteenth century, the Turks had penetrated into Eastern Europe. They won key battles at Varna and Kosovo whittling the Byzantine Empire down to the city itself. The massive city walls remained the only thing for the Ottoman Turks to conquer. The Ottomans began the final assault on April 6, 1453. The Emperor Constantine XI refused to surrender the city to the Muslims and felt secure behind the city walls. However, the Turks brought cannons and used them to slowly demolish Byzantine defenses. The new technology rendered medieval military defense obsolete. Constantinople’s walls fell and the Byzantine Empire, and Middle Ages, collapsed alongside the rubble. Constantinople’s demise shocked and horrified Europe. Monarchs began searching for new trade routes to India and China while the Papacy considered another crusade to rescue the city. Meanwhile, the Turks immediately made the city their capitol. The Ottoman Empire continued to threaten Europe with Islamic invasion into the late seventeenth century before beginning its own lengthy decline and collapse. The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Roman Empire. While the western half ceased to exist in 476, the eastern portion continued for another 1,000 years. The collapse took centuries to complete. It began in 1076 at Manzikert, continued with the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and completed with the Muslim conquest in 1453. – Don Keko

22. Key Vocabulary Byzantine Empire Diocletian Constantine Constantinople Bosphorus Hippodrome Justinian Hagia Sophia Justinian’s Code Theodora Nika Revolt Patriarch Schism Great Schism Icons Excommunicate