1. CHAPTER 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Stem Cells

2. DNA found in multiple chromosomes Histones with DNA
PROKARYOTES
Greek “prenucleus”
DNA not enclosed within a membrane
DNA is usually a singular circularly chromosome
DNA not associated with histones
Lack membrane bound organelles
Cell walls contain polysaccharide peptidoglycan
Divide by binary fission
EUKARYOTES
“true nucleus”
DNA in a nucleus
DNA found in multiple chromosomes
Histones with DNA
Membrane bound organelles
Cell walls chemically simple
mitosis

3. Prokaryote Characteristics
0.2 to 2.0 μm in diameter and 2 to 8 μm in length
Shapes: coccus, bacillus, spiral

4. ARRANGEMENTS OF COCCI Diplococci (remain in pairs)
Streptococci (remain in chain)
Tetra (divide in 2 planes, remain in groups of four)
Sarcinae (divide in 3 planes, remain in cube)
Staphylococci (divide in multiple planes, remain in grapelike clusters)

5. ARRANGEMENT OF BACILLI
Diplobacilli: appear in pairs
Streptobacilli: appear in chains
Coccobacilli: oval, look like cocci
Palisades: picket fence

6. ARRANGEMENT OF SPIRILIUM
Vibrios: curved rods
Spirilla: helical shape, rigid bodies
Spirochetes: helical and fexible

7. External Structures GLYCOCALYX (sugar coat):
sticky, gelatinous polymer outside the cell wall
Composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both
If attached to cell wall, considered a capsule
If unorganized and loosely attached, considered a slime layer
Contributes to bacterial virulence
Important component of biofims
Help attach to various surfaces, protects, facilitates communication (Extracellular polymeric substance EPS)
Cyanobacterium
Capsule in olive green

8. FLAGELLA Atichous: cell without flagella
Monotrichous: a single flagellum at one pole
Lophotrichous: tuft of flagella from one or both poles
Amphitrichous: single flagella at both boles
Peritrichous: distributed over the entire cell

9. FLAGELLA MOVEMENT
file:///E:/Chapter_04/A_PowerPoint/a_Lecture_Outline/flagella_arrange.html

10. Fimbriae and Pili Short, straight, thin hair-like appendages FIMBRIAE
occur at poles or evenly distributed
Few to several hundred / cell
Adhere to surfaces forming biofilms
PILI
Usually longer
Only one or two /cell
Involved in motility (twitching and gliding motility) and DNA transfer (conjugation)
Electron Micrograph of E. coli
Geobacter sulfurreducens

11. CELL WALL FUNCTION Responsible for shape
Prevents cell from rupturing from too much water
Contributes to ability of some to cause disease
STRUCTURE
Peptidoglycan: repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides forming a lattice
Disaccharides: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

12. Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Linked by polypeptides
Figure 4.13a

13. Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
Figure 4.13b

14. Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
Figure 4.13c

15. Gram-positive Cell Wall
Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
Figure 4.13b–c

16. Internal Structures: Plasma (cytoplasmic) Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Polar head: phosphate group and glycerol that is hydrophilic
Nonpolar tails: hydrophobic fatty acids
Proteins
Peripheral proteins: lie at inner or outer surface
Integral proteins: inside membrane
Glycoproteins: proteins attached to carbohydrates
Glycolipids: lipids attached to carbohydrates
Help protect/lubricate cell

17. Selective permeability Breakdown of nutrients and production of energy
FUNCTION
Selective permeability
Breakdown of nutrients and production of energy
Some have pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis in foldings
Chromatophores or thylakoids
file:///E:/Chapter_04/A_PowerPoint/a_Lecture_Outline/membrane_permeability.html

19. 80% water, proteins, carbos, lipids, inorganic ions
NUCLEOID
Single long, continuous circular thread of double-stranded DNA
Attached to plasma membrane
PLASMID
Circular, double-stranded DNA
Replicate independently
5 to 100 genes
RIBOSOMES
Site of protein synthesis
CYTOPLASM
80% water, proteins, carbos, lipids, inorganic ions
Thick, aqueous, semitransparent, elastic

20. Inclusions (reserve deposits)
Metachromatic granules
Volutin: reserve of inorganic phosphate used in the synthesis of ATP
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (agent of diphtheria)
ID: stain red with blue dyes
Polysaccharide Granules
Glycogen (reddish brown) and starch (blue)
ID: iodine
Sulfur Granules
Lipid Inclusions
ID: fat-soluable dyes
Carboxysomes
Enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase
Use as sole source of carbon
Gas Vacuoles
Maintain buoyancy
Magnetosomes
Iron oxide, act as magnets

21. Endospores Cells formed when essential nutrients are depleted
Very resistant to heat, chemicals, hard to kill
Can be dormant for thousands of years
Gram positive bacteria
Bacillus: anthrax, food poisoning
Clostridium: gangrene, tetanus, botulism
Core: DNA and protein
Cortex: peptidoglycan (rigid protective)
Spore Coat: protein
Exosporium: protective layer
Endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis.

22. http://student. ccbcmd