1. Genetics and Development
AP Biology
Genetics and Development

2. Fertilized egg of a frog
ZYGOTE
Fertilized egg of a frog

3. Specialized Epithelial tissue See the DIFFERENT shapes?

4. Specialization Nervous Tissue

5. Morphogenesis over time
Animal development
Gut
Cell
movement
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Eight cells
Blastula
(cross section)
Gastrula
(cross section)
Adult animal
(sea star)
Cell division
Morphogenesis
Observable cell differentiation
Plant development
Seed
leaves
Shoot
apical
meristem
Root
apical
meristem
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Two cells
Embryo
inside seed
Plant

6. Apoptosis “Programmed Cell Death… it’s in the DNA.”

7. Morphogenesis in Plants

8. Morphogenesis in Animals

9. Cloning of Dolly Mammary cell donor Egg cell donor Egg cell from ovary
Nucleus
removed
Cells fused
Cultured
mammary cells
are semistarved,
arresting the cell
cycle and causing
dedifferentiation
Nucleus from
mammary cell
Grown in culture
Early embryo
Implanted in uterus
of a third sheep
Surrogate
mother
Embryonic
development
Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically identical
to mammary cell donor

10. Embryonic Stem Cells (These have pluripotential – they can become any type of cell.)

11. LE 21-9 Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Totipotent cells
Pluripotent
cells
Cultured
stem cells
Different
culture
conditions
Different
types of
differentiated
cells
Liver cells
Nerve cells
Blood cells

12. Pattern Formation for Plants

13. Pattern Formation

14. Pattern Formation

15. Positional Information

16. Maternal Effect and Zygote Polarity
Animal
hemisphere
Point of
sperm entry
Animal pole
Vegetal
hemisphere
Vegetal pole

17. cytoplasmic determinant.
Unfertilized egg cell
Sperm
Molecules of another
cytoplasmic determinant
Molecules of a
cytoplasmic
determinant
Nucleus
Fertilization
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Mitotic cell division
Two-celled
embryo
Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg

18. Stem cells communicating using ligand molecules.
Early embryo
(32 cells)
Signal
transduction
pathway
NUCLEUS
Signal
receptor
Signal
molecule
(inducer)
Stem cells communicating using ligand molecules

19. Segment Genes Adult fruit fly Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Fly
chromosome
Mouse
chromosomes
Mouse embryo
(12 days)
Adult mouse

20. Hox Genes