1. Good Morning 9/23 Pass out syllabus Set up note book Take notes over biomolecules and enzymes Practice for quiz over biomolecules next class.

2. BIOMOLECULES

3. Objective 9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

4. Why are we studying Chemistry? All living organisms are formed from atoms. ◦ we need some basic chemistry to understand the living world around us. 8 Common Elements in Living Organisms ◦ C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Ca ◦ 20 other trace elements

5. What are the 2 types of Chemical Compounds? Organic – We will focus on these, organic compounds contain mainly Carbon to Hydrogen bonds. Inorganic – Do not contain Carbon to Hydrogen bonds.

6. What makes Carbon special? THE single element common to all molecules that make up life. electron configuration allows C to form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon MOST commonly bonds with H. Also, often bonds with N,O,P,S.

7. What are Biomolecules made from? Small molecules are called monomers ◦ MONO = ONE ◦ Subunits of bio/macromolecules Monomers link together in rings, straight or branched chains to form polymers ◦ POLY = MANY ◦ Polymers = macromolecules

8. Objective 9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

9. What are Biomolecules? 4 groups of organic macromolecules ◦ Carbohydrates ◦ Proteins ◦ Nucleic Acids ◦ Lipids sometimes called biomolecules because all 4 compounds are required for life to exist.

10. What are Carbohydrates? Made up of C-H-O in 1:2:1 Ratio(ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Examples ◦ Monosaccharides (glucose - monomer) ◦ Disaccharides (sucrose) ◦ Polysaccharides (starch) Primary source of energy for animals and in plants supports cell wall structure. Glucose is the monomer of carbohydrates

11. What are Proteins? Made up of C-H-O-N(sometimes S) Amino acids are monomers that attach via peptide bonds to form proteins. Responsible for building structures and assisting with metabolism.

12. What are Nucleic Acids? Polymers made up of C,H,O, N,P ◦ DNA is the master code for an organism (genetic and sequencing info) ◦ RNA reads instructions and helps build proteins. Nucleotides are the monomers. Store information for cellular activity that is then carried out by proteins. Also carry codes for making proteins.

13. What are Lipids? Made up of C-H-O in different ratio than in carbohydrates. More C,H, less O Non-polar = insoluble (ex. Oil, wax, fat, steroids, phospholipids) Serves as energy storage as well as secondary energy source(2.5x the energy of sugars). Also provide insulation and protection for internal organs.

14. Objective 9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

15. Work with your group to sort the items in your baggie into the correct category. Use you notes as a resource. Get out a clean sheet of paper. Using your notes, Complete the following questions on your own.

16. Check for Understanding Answer on a clean sheet of paper (keep because there are more questions!! Identify which biomolecule is used by living organisms as their primary source of energy. Indicate which element most commonly bonds with Carbon. Distinguish between monomers and polymers? Provide 3 examples of a monomer and identify which macromolecules they corresponds to.

17. Enzymes Objective: 9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes

18. What is a catalyst? A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

19. What is an enzyme? Proteins that act as biological catalysts. All chemical reactions in your body require enzymes

20. Why are enzymes important? Chemical reactions take a long time to happen OR require too much energy. Enzymes help speed up the time it takes for reactions to happen OR Allow the reaction to happen without using up too much energy

21. What is activation energy? In chemical reactions, energy is either released or absorbed. In order to get the chemical reaction started, it requires a certain amount of “Activation Energy”

22. Graph of energy of activation

23. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? 1. Chemical compounds attach to the ACTIVE SITE of an enzymes 2. The SUBSTRATE are the specific substances that can bind to enzymes 3. Enzymes hold the substrate in place so the chemical reaction can happen 4. After reaction is finished, enzyme releases the PRODUCTS and helps another substrate.

24. Do enzymes need a specific environment? YES They are sensitive to pH and temperature Ex. Human body is 37  C so most enzymes function best at this temperature Different organs have different pH (like the stomach) so enzymes “adapt” to their specific environments

25. Write in your journal… Draw and Describe what is happening in this picture.

26. How do we name enzymes? They are named for the reaction the catalyze and have the suffix –ase attached to the end Ex. Lipase – breaks down lipids Protease – breaks down proteins Amylase – breaks down starch or amylum

27. On a clean sheet of paper answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Why are enzymes necessary for life? 2. What is the active site of an enzyme? 3. How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?