1. Answer Keys for Two Column Notes Middle AgesUnit

2. The Franks What happened in W. Europe after Romans left? Germanic tribes moved in and established settlements Who were the Franks? Took over Gaul (France) in late 4 th /early 5 th century Farmers/warriors Special weapon: francisca (throwing axe) Both men & women wore long hair and jewelry What were the achievements of Clovis I & Merovingians? Merovingians ruled for 300 years Clovis: founded France with capital at Paris What happened to France after Clovis died? Kingdom divided between children Infighting & chaos weakened France

3. The Franks What was the Salic Code? Frankish law All people & property had monetary value Fines (wergilds) charged for all losses of property, injuries & deaths Murderers put to death if victim’s family chose execution over collecting a fine What are serfs and why were their lives so difficult? 60% serfs (farmers tied to the manors where they lived) Lords could take their crops at any time & merchants could raise prices during shortages Who was Charlemagne? Son of Pepin the Short who defeated the Merovingians Came to throne in 768 CE By 800 CE, had founded the Carolingian Empire that covered most of W. Europe

4. The Franks How did Charlemagne govern his empire? Allowed local governments some freedom Used missi dominici (agents/messengers) to ensure his people were treated properly Single code of laws Tried to improve lives of serfs and tradespeople, but ruthless to enemies What did Charlemagne do to encourage a “Carolingian Renaissance”? Established new schools at monasteries Educated his sons and daughters Revived architecture by constructing churches & palaces Took interest in science and literature What happened after Charlemagne died? Empire fell apart due to weakness of his heirs and attacks by Vikings

5. The Anglo-Saxons What happened after Romans left Britain? Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) drove out the Celts. Celts went to Wales, Cornwall, Scotland & Ireland What was daily life like for Anglo-Saxons? Most were farmers in small villages Some trade Skilled metal workers Created epic stories like Beowulf Regular attacks by Vikings Who was Alfred the Great? Anglo-Saxon king Learned to defeat Vikings & united most of southwestern England

6. The Celts What was Celtic society like before the 5 th century? Practiced Druidism (nature worship) Bloody battles, slavery, human sacrifices How did St. Patrick change Ireland? Converted Celts to Christianity Made Ireland a centre for learning by establishing monasteries How did Irish monks help spread Christianity & preserve knowledge? Trained missionaries who went to Scotland, England & Europe Copied Bibles & Latin, Greek & Celtic texts

7. The Vikings What were the advantages of long ships? Speed: could attack without warning & escape quickly Sail in shallow water Why were Vikings so feared? Attacked a vast area Burned buildings and killed or enslaved people How did rulers deal with Viking attacks? Paid them to leave (e.g. Danegeld) Fought them What was daily life like among the Vikings? Farmed & fished in small seaside Scandinavian villages Very small farms Why did Vikings raid Europe? Not enough farmland to support their people

8. The Vikings What were women’s lives like? Shared work with men except for some tasks like weaving Many rights (e.g. own property, divorce) Who or what was a thrall? Slaves who did the hardest work on farms Captured in raids/forced into slavery by failing to pay a debt Children became thralls Could be killed at any time Describe Viking cultural achievements. Wood & metal work Art featured scenes of gods (e.g. Thor) & daily life How was Viking history preserved? Skalds (poets) recited history from memory at large gatherings

9. The Vikings Describe Viking law & how it was administered. Laws to protect people and property Mostly unwritten Law Speakers memorized & recited laws when needed Worst punishment: declared outlaw with no protection under law; could be killed at any time & property taken What are runes? Alphabet used by Vikings & other German tribes Thought to be magical What brought an end to the “Viking Age”? Increased power of European monarchs Arrangements (e.g. Danelaw in England & Normandy in France) where some lands given to Vikings in exchange for keeping other Vikings out Some settlements (e.g. Greenland & N.A.) disappear Vikings converted to Christianity