1. About Science
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2. This lecture will help you understand:
A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
The Scientific Hypothesis
The Scientific Experiment
Facts, Theories, and Laws
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Integrated Science
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3. A Brief History of Advances in Science
The beginnings of science go back thousands of years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the world.
What events cause what results
Rational thinking
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4. A Brief History of Advances in Science
Forward steps in the history of science, as highlighted in the text, occurred in
Greece
Italy
China
Polynesia
Arab nations
Poland
Germany
… and many other parts of the world.
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5. A Brief History of Advances in Science
During the Dark Ages in Europe,
Fall of Roman Empire
Nomads destroyed scientific advancements
Previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion became established.
During the 10th through 12th centuries,
Islamic people brought books into Spain that had been banned by the church.
universities emerged.
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6. A Brief History of Advances in Science
Advances during the 15th – 17th century:
Invention of Gutenberg's printing press
Experiments of Galileo
The Earth is not the center of the universe
Arrival of the Renaissance period, which provided a foothold for the advance of science and rational thinking
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7. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
is an important tool in science.
makes use of equations, which are shorthand notations for the relationships between scientific concepts.
abbreviates a relationship that can be stated in words.
makes common sense.
uses equations to guide your thinking.
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8. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
Example:
Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull is proportional to the stretch.
Proportion—expressed as F ~ ,
where F is your pulling force, and
x is the distance the spring stretches
Proportions and equations tell you:
If one thing changes a certain way, another will change correspondingly.
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9. The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
Outlined in Section 1.3—NOT to be memorized
One of the ways good science is performed
More important than a particular method is:
Attitude of inquiry
Experimentation
Willingness to accept findings, even those that are not desired
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10. Scientific Method Observe Question Hypothesize Predict
The physical world around you
Question
Recognize a question or problem
Hypothesize
Answer your question
Predict
What will happen if the hypothesis is correct
Test Predictions
Do an experiment
Draw a conclusion
Was your hypothesis correct and why?
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11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. The Scientific Hypothesis
Principle of falsifiability:
For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable—it must, in principle, be capable of being proved wrong.
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13. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is a scientific
hypothesis?
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
A., B., C., D.
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14. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is not a scientific
hypothesis?
Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All are scientific hypotheses.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
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15. The Scientific Experiment
Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo went an important step further—he experimented!
"The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth." Richard Feynman
"No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong."
Albert Einstein
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16. Facts, Theories, and Laws
Fact: a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree
Theory: a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world
Law: a general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted—also known as a principle
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17. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these often changes over time with
further study?
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
C. Both of the above.
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18. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely
doesn't know that a scientific theory is a
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and fact
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
D. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
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19. Science Has Limitations
The domain of science
is in natural phenomena.
The observable natural world.
does not deal with the "supernatural”
a domain "above science.”
Philosophical or spiritual question
Claims to supernatural phenomena, true or
otherwise, lie outside the domain of science Ex
- Astrology
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20. Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A major difference between pseudoscience and
science is that pseudoscience
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
C. has no tests for wrongness.
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21. Science, Art, and Religion
Science asks how.
Religion asks why.
Art bridges the two.
When science and religion address their respective domains, conflict between the two is minimized or absent.
Both are motivated by curiosity about the natural world.
Like guitar strings they can work well together
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22. Technology—The Practical Use of Science
is an important tool of science.
is sometimes the fruit of science, as in medicine that cures disease.
is a human endeavor.
can be used to elevate or to diminish the human condition.
Shouldn't its potential be to elevate?
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23. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Natural philosophy
was at one time the study of unanswered questions about nature.
became science as answers were found.
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24. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Physics is the study of basic concepts,such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism.
Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines that we use in our everyday lives.
Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most complex of the sciences.
Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography.
Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of planet Earth' the far-out science.
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25. Integrated Science The fields of science overlap.
merge into one another, such as biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, and bioastrophysics.
are acknowledged to present a cohesive study of the natural world.
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26. Integrated Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Although physics may be the most difficult science
course in certain schools, when compared with the
fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and
astronomy, it is
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
A. the simplest.
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27. Significant Digits are all the digits that occupy places for which actual measurement was made.

28. Significant Digits Rules:
1. Digits other than zero are always significant

30. Significant Digits Rules:
1. Digits other than zero are always significant
2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant

31. 4.72 km 3 Sig. Figs.
km 5 Sig. Figs.
82.0 km 3 Sig. Figs.

32. Significant Digits Rules:
1. Digits other than zero are always significant
2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant
3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant

33. 5.029 m 4 Sig. Figs.
306 m 3 Sig. Figs.

34. Significant Digits Rules:
1. Digits other than zero are always significant
2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant
3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant
4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point are not significant. They are placeholders only

35. 7000 g 1 Sig. Fig.
Sig. Fig.

38. Multiplication and division
32.27  1.54 =
3.68  =
1.750  =
3.2650106  =  107
6.0221023  1.66110-24 =

41. Addition and Subtraction
Look for the last important digit
= .713 = =
10 – =
__ ___ __

42. Mixed Order of Operation
 =
( )  ( ) =
= = =
=  = =

43. Significant Figures To determine the number of significant figures
in a number
Let’s take a look a technique that will help
us figure it out
It’s called the ATLANTIC - PACIFIC RULE

44. Atlantic – Pacific Rule
1. Draw a map of the United States and label the 2 oceans … which are???
PACIFIC
ATLANTIC

45. Atlantic – Pacific Rule
If a decimal point is Present in the number
start counting from the Pacific side
2. If a decimal point is Absent in the number
count from the Atlantic side
3. Begin counting all numbers from the first
NON-ZERO digit
- That number and all digits after it
(including zeros) are SIGNIFICANT

46. 0.06901 100,100,300 Try the rule with these two numbers. How many
Sig figs are there?
100,100,300

47. Significant Figures Lastly, all COUNTING and DEFINED NUMBERS are
treated as if they have an INFINITE no. of Sig Figs
Ex: 2 pairs of gloves Counting (infinite sig fig)
7 Keys Counting “
2.54 cm = 1 inch Definition “

48. Atlantic – Pacific Rule
Let’s try some examples. How many significant
Figures are in the following numbers?
4 sig figs
3456
5 sig figs
6 sig figs
1 sig fig
20000
7 oranges
Infinite sig figs

49. Atlantic – Pacific Rule
Let’s try some more examples. How many sig figs
Are there in the following pairs of numbers?
750 vs. 750.
2 vs 3 sig figs
4 vs. 1 sig figs
1001 vs. 1000
3 vs. 4 sig figs
2.07 vs
vs 572
3 vs. 3 sig figs vs
4 vs 4 sig figs

50. Counting numbers are exact numbers and are not measurements!

51. So they are considered to have an infinite number of significant digits
So you don’t use them when figuring out how many significant digits there are in an equation.

52. Numbers in formulas are counting numbers
So they are considered to have an infinite number of significant digits
So you don’t use them when figuring out how many significant digits there are in an equation.
Numbers in formulas are counting numbers
A= bh/2
The 2 does not count as a significant digit

53. Mathematicians are Lazy!!!
They decided that by using powers of 10, they can create short versions of long numbers.

54. How wide is our universe?
210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles
(22 zeros)
This number is written in decimal notation. When numbers get this large, it is easier to write them in scientific notation.

55. A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is in the form
a x 10n
where a is between 1 and 10
and n is an integer

56. Where is the decimal point now?
210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles
Where is the decimal point now?
After the last zero.
Where would you put the decimal to make this number be between 1 and 10?
Between the 2 and the 1

57. How many decimal places did you move the decimal? 23
2.10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
How many decimal places did you move the decimal? 23
When the original number is more than 1, the exponent is positive.
The answer in scientific notation is
2.1 x 1023

58. 1) Express 0.0000000902 in scientific notation.
Where would the decimal go to make the number be between 1 and 10?
The decimal was moved how many places?
When the original number is less than 1, the exponent is negative.

59. Write 28750.9 in scientific notation.
x 10-5
x 10-4
x 104
x 105

60. 2) Express 1.8 x 10-4 in decimal notation.
On the graphing calculator, scientific notation is done with the button.
4.58 x 106 is typed

61. 4) Use a calculator to evaluate: 4.5 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-2
Type
You must include parentheses if you don’t use those buttons!!
(4.5 x ) (1.6 x )
Write in scientific notation.

62. The answer in scientific notation is
5) Use a calculator to evaluate: x x 102 On the calculator, the answer is:
The answer in scientific notation is
The answer in decimal notation is

63. The answer in decimal notation is The answer in scientific notation is
6) Use a calculator to evaluate (0.0042)(330,000). On the calculator, the answer is
The answer in decimal notation is
The answer in scientific notation is

64. The answer in scientific notation is
7) Use a calculator to evaluate (3,600,000,000)(23). On the calculator, the answer is:
The answer in scientific notation is
The answer in decimal notation is

65. Write (2.8 x 103)(5.1 x 10-7) in scientific notation.

66. Write in PROPER scientific notation
Write in PROPER scientific notation. (Notice the number is not between 1 and 10)
8) x 109
9) x 104

67. Write 531.42 x 105 in scientific notation.