1. Early weather data theme Linden Ashcroft and David Karoly SEARCH final project meeting 2 August 2012

2. William Dawes: Australia’s first meteorologist Lt. William Dawes maintained a weather diary at Dawes Point, Sydney (Sept 1788 – Dec 1791) 4 to 6 times daily temperature, pressure, winds and remarks Found at the Royal Society London by an Australian student in 1980s Data digitised and analysed in 2008, Gergis et al (2009), AMOJ, 58, 83-98 Images: Richard Read (1821) Dawes Battery Point, SLNSW; J.Gergis, Royal Society of London 2009.

3. William Dawes: Australia’s first meteorologist February 1791: ‘The heat was so excessive that immense numbers of the large fox bat were seen…dropping into the water…many dropped dead while on the wing…’ Hunter (1793) Tmax (C)

4. Data collection action!

5. SE Australian data coverage, 1788– 1910

6. 28 June 1836 Key sources: Sydney newspapers 1826–1848 Images: National Library of Australia (NLA, www.trove.nla.gov.au)

7. Key sources: Government Gazette abstracts 1840-1855 Images: NSW Government Gazette, State Library of Victoria (SLV).

8. Australian Joint Copying Project ship logbooks Logbooks of 33 ships that passed through Australian waters during 1788–1890 identified from Log of Logs inventory Image: Allen, Frank, 1787, National Maritime Museum.

9. Daily noon temperatures and pressure recorded in a ship log onboard the Sirius by William Bradley during the 8 month First Fleet voyage from England to Australia in 1787–1788 Saw snow as they rounded Tasmania in January (summer!) 1788, very cold and wet, sails ripped in howling winds, convicts on their knees at prayers Some of the earliest meteorological observations from the Southern Hemisphere Source: Gergis, Brohan and Allan, Weather 2010 First Fleet weather, 1787–1788 Images: George Raper, 1791, State Library of NSW (SLNSW); Gergis, Brohan and Allan (2010).

10. Long-term temperature stations, 1860–2009

11. Image: BoM Data quality

12. SE Australian temperature 1860–2010 Ashcroft et al. (in review)

13. SE Australian maximum temperature 1860-2010 Ashcroft et al. (in review)

14. Pressure network 1860–2009

15. SE Australian pressure variations 1860–2009

16. Long-term rainfall stations 1860–2008

17. SE Australian rainfall 1860-2009

18. Observations vs 20 th Century Reanalysis R=0.71 R=0.78 R=0.59

19. Sydney Rainfall 1832–2011 Image: Garling, Frederick (1842–1860), South Head, SLNSW, a128220.

20. Grey=Documentary data Purple=Instrumental data Gergis and Ashcroft, 2012 (in revision). Eastern NSW rainfall 1788–2008

21. SE Australian climate 1860–2009

22. Multivariate path analysis

23. © Copyright The University of Melbourne 2008

24. SE Australian minimum temperature, 1860–2010 Ashcroft et al. (in review)

25. 9 April 1822H ThBa10 April 1822H ThBa Towards Bass Straight1 1 2 61.7530.34 2 61.7530.26 Lat 41 o 43' 11" S3 Lat 41.7 o 7' 57" S3 Lon 137 o 36' 54" E4 6230.33 Lon 140 o 22' 59" E4 61.7530.28 5 5 6 6230.33 6 61.530.28 7 7 8 61.530.33 8 6230.25 9 9 10 6230.33 10 6230.25 11 12 61.7530.32 12 61.530.24 13 14 6130.31 14 60.530.24 15 16 6130.29 16 6130.24 17 18 60.530.28 18 6130.24 19 20 6030.28 20 60.530.24 21 22 6130.28 22 60.7530.27 23 24 6130.27 24 6230.26 Example Shipping Log HM Survey Vessel Bathurst, 1821–1822 Digitising Instrumental Data