1. BIOCHEMISTRY The study of Elements and compounds in living organisms

2. pH = percent Hydrogen pH is a scale that measure the amount of H + ions or OH - ions to us…this just means ACIDIC or BASIC (ALKALINE) 0-6.9 = acidic 7 = neutral 7.1-14 = basic

3. Atom The basic unit of matter. Composed of a nucleus that contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral or no charge), and electrons (negatively charged) that orbit around the nucelus. Proton Neutron Electron

4. Element the most basic form of any pure material. Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Potassium (K) Compound A combination of two or more elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds. Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6

5. Monomer A single subunit. Many monomers can be joined to make larger molecules. Polymer A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.

6. Macronutrients elements required in large amounts by living things. Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen

7. Micronutrients: Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals) ZincSodiumChlorineIronPhosphorousCalciumMagnesiumIodinePotassiumSulfurEtc…

8. Organic Compound A compound made by a living organism. ALWAYSOrganic compounds ALWAYS contain C (Carbon) and H (Hydrogen). They often contain O (Oxygen).

9. FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUBUNIT (monomer) Monosaccharide 3 fatty acids + glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides COMPOUND (Polymer) Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid

10. How does this represent monomers & polymers?

11. PAY ATTENTION!! This is REALLY important!

12. Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Ways to help you remember Uses and Examples

13. PROTEINS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen sometimes Sulfur Monomer Amino Acid There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.

14. PROTEINS Examples Muscles Cell receptors Most hormones Enzymes Antibodies

15. PROTEINS Function structure cell communication control chemical reaction rates fight diseases

16. Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Ways to help you remember Uses and Examples Protein Amino AcidsHave C,H,O,N, sometimes S Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure

17. CARBOHYDRATES Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) Subunit Monosaccharide NOTE: Ring Shape!

18. CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES Mono/dissaccharides Glucose Fructose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Polysaccharides Starch Chitin Glycogen Cellulose

19. CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION Quick Energy Plant Cell Walls Exoskeletons Animal Starch Funny Link

20. Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Ways to help you remember Uses and Examples Protein Amino AcidsHave C,H,O,N, sometimes S Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure CarbohydrateMono- saccharides Always a ring shape!!Primary energy source, cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons)

21. LIPIDS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen FYI: (3+ : 1 ratio) Subunit 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids and. This is the HO HO HO molecule!

22. LIPIDS examples Fats, oils, waxes Myelin sheath Cell membrane Steroid hormones

23. LIPIDS function Stored Energy Insulation Cushions Organs Regulation of reproductive system

24. Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!! Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!! As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink. …Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

25. Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Ways to help you remember Uses and Examples Protein Amino AcidsHave C,H,O,N, sometimes S Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure CarbohydrateMono- saccharides Always a ring shape!!Primary energy source, cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons) Lipids3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol Has a long chain of C and H Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs Fats, oils & waxes

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Monomer Nucleotide Phosphate Nitrogenous base Sugar (5C)

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acid

28. NUCLEIC ACIDS Function Instructions for: –Traits –Protein synthesis –Enzymes

29. Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Ways to help you remember Uses and Examples Protein Amino AcidsHave C,H,O,N, sometimes S Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure. CarbohydrateMono- saccharides Always a ring shape!!Primary energy source, cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons). Lipids3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol Has a long chain of C and H Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs. Fats, oils & waxes. Nucleic AcidsNucleotidesOnly two…DNA and RNA Control traits, protein production.

30. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

31. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Dehydrate: to remove _________. Synthesis: to combine two or more __________ compounds to create a more ___________ one. SOO…. Dehydration Synthesis means to ________ molecules by removing _________. + WATER SIMPLE COMPLEX JOIN WATER

32. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS An H and an OH are taken from the molecules that are being joined. The H and OH combine to form ________. water The other result is two monomers joined together. This forms a _____________. polymer Clip Clip 2

34. Explain: a) process b) molecule formed c) molecule removed

35. Explain: a)Process b)Molecules joined c)Name of bond formed d)Molecule removed

36. HYDROLYSIS Hydro: means __________ Lysis: means to ________ So…Hydrolysis means to add __________ and ________ molecules apart! WATER SPLIT WATER SPLIT

38. A)What process is occurring? B)What molecule did we start with? C)What molecules do we have at the end?

39. CATALYST A ______________ is a chemical that ____________ chemical reactions WITHOUT being __________ by that reaction. CATALYST SPEEDS UP CHANGED

40. ENZYMES - Enzymes ARE protein catalysts! - So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction! - Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them. - Enzymes can join together or break apart molecules.

41. There are OODLES of Enzymes!! Each ENZYME is specific to its SUBSTRATE. Most enzyme names end in –ase!

42. Enzyme Vocab Enzyme: a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by that reaction. Substrate: the molecule(s) the enzyme is working on. Product: the molecule(s) created by the enzyme. NOTE* enzymes can JOIN molecules or SPLIT them!!

43. Enzyme Activity Called the enzyme- substrate complex

44. Enzyme Action… again

45. Denature: Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to denature, or change shape. Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact how enzymes work? NormalDenatured

46. Factors affecting Enzymes: 1. too HIGH or too LOW pH denature enzymes 2. too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes NOT **too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOT denature them!**

47. Enzyme Substrate Concentration EnzymeSubstrate Product (produced immediately) For the example below, we are showing HYDROLYSIS! Now…Graph your Product production as your substate increases!

48. BIOCHEMISTRY!!