1. BIOLOGY NOTES BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY PART 2 PAGES 36-39

2. Standards ___ Interpret formula representations of molecules and compounds in terms of composition and structure Essential Question 1. 1.4 Why are carbon based molecules the foundation of life?

3. I. Matter Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____. List three different types of matter… space mass

4. A. The Structure of Matter 1.Atoms = the basic units of ________ Atoms can be broken down into smaller parts called ____________ particles a. proton = subatomic particle that has a ________ charge matter subatomic positive

5.  nucleus = the center of the ______ where protons and neutrons are located c. electron = subatomic particle that has a ________ charge  electrons are in constant ________ around the _________ in an area known as the electron cloud atom negative motion nucleus b. neutron = subatomic article that has ____ charge no

6.  The electron cloud has different ________ levels that can hold a specific number of electrons  1 st level (closest to the nucleus) = ______ electrons  2 nd level = ______ electrons 2 8 energy

8. 2. Elements Element = a pure substance that consists entirely of _______ type of atom elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances each element is represented by a _______ symbol 1 broken chemical

10. Oxygen = ___ Sodium = ___ Chlorine = ___ Sulfur = ___ Hydrogen = ___ Carbon = ___ Potassium = ___ Magnesium = ___ Calcium = ___ Phosphorus = ___ Nitrogen = ___ Iron = ___ O Na Cl S H C K Mg Ca P N Fe

11. Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ______. Of these 25, four ___, ___, ___, and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life. The rest of the elements are present in very _______ amounts. life CHON small

12. 1. Atomic Number = the number of _________ in an element. This is the element’s __________ because no two elements have the same amount of protons. e.g. protons fingerprint C = 6, N= 7, O = 8, etc.

15. II. The Combination of Matter A. Compounds Compound = a substance formed by the ________ combination of ___ or more elements. e.g. chemical2 NaCl (salt) H 2 O (water) C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

16. chemical formula = a shorthand method of writing compositions of ___________ e.g. salt = NaClwater = H 2 O subscript = in chemical formulas, the small _______ next to the element that tells how many ______ of that element are in the compound e.g. H 2 O = 1 atom O, 2 atoms H C 6 H 12 O 6 = 6 atoms C, 12 atoms H, 6 atoms O number atoms compounds

17. How many atoms of each element are there in….. C 7 O 3 H 2 = C 57 H 110 O 6 = 7 atoms carbon, 3 atoms oxygen, 2 atoms hydrogen 57 atoms carbon, 110 atoms hydrogen, 6 atoms oxygen

18. C 7 N 4 O 2 H 9 = CO 2 CaNa = 7 atoms carbon, 4 atoms nitrogen, 2 atoms oxygen, 9 atoms hydrogen 1 atom carbon, 2 atoms oxygen, 1 atom calcium, 1 atom sodium

19. B. Chemical Bonds – the formation of compounds Elements will only combine to form compounds when they become more ______ by forming a compound Atoms of different elements become more stable when they have ______ electrons in their outer ___________ stable eight energy level (valence shell = outer energy level)

20. 1. Types of Chemical Bonds a.Ionic Bond = a chemical bond formed between two ______ when one or more _________ are transferred between the atoms resulting in atoms of _________ charge which are attracted to each other e.g. atoms electrons opposite salt

22. b. Covalent Bond = a chemical bond formed between two _____ when they share two or more _________ e.g. atoms electrons water, carbohydrates, & fats

24. molecule = the structure that results when atoms are joined by _________ bonds  molecules make up most of the compounds found in ______ things  superscript = in chemical formulas, the large number found in ________ of compounds that tells how many ___________ of that compound exist e.g. covalent living front molecules 2H 2 0 = 2 molecules of water (4 atoms of Hydrogen, 2 atoms of Oxygen)

25. How many molecules? vs. How many atoms? 5C 10 O 4 H 4 = 3C 12 H 13 ON = 5 molecules of polyester vs. 50 atoms carbon, 20 atoms oxygen, 20 atoms hydrogen 3 molecules of bug spray vs. 36 atoms of carbon 39 atoms of hydrogen 3 atoms of oxygen 3 atoms of nitrogen