1. Biochemistry

2. Carbon Helped contribute to the great diversity of life due to it’s ability to form large complex molecules All compounds are either: –Organic –Inorganic

3. Organic Compounds Made of carbon atoms Most matter in living things besides water is made up of organic compounds. Carbon can form: –Straight chains –Branched carbon chains –Carbon rings

4. Bonding When 2 atoms share a pair of electrons a covalent bond is formed “Single Bond” – single line, 1 pair “Double Bond” – two parallel lines, 2 pairs “Triple Bond” – 3 parallel lines, 3 pairs

5. Large Carbon Molecules Monomers: small, simple molecules that build many carbon compounds Polymers: repeated, linked units of monomers Macromolecules: larger polymers –Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids

6. Condensation Reaction Monomers link to form polymers Type of chemical reaction A water molecule is released each time a monomer is added

7. Hydrolysis Reverse of condensation reaction Breaks down macromolecules (polymers) by adding water molecules Bond is broken between monomers

8. Energy for Life Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Compound that stores a large amount of energy in it’s structure Phosphate groups are attached via covalent bonds (very unstable) Every time a bond is broken energy is released.

9. Four Main Classes of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

10. Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Source of energy and/or structural materials Monosaccharides: simple sugar, ratio 1:2:1 (CH 2 O) n Common Examples: –Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose

11. More Carbs… Disaccharides: two monos in living things combine via a condensation reaction. Fructose + Glucose  Disaccharide Sucrose Polysaccharides: 3 or more monosaccharides Examples: Glycogen, starch, cellulose

12. Lipids Large, nonpolar organic molecules Do not dissolve in water Store more energy per gram then other compounds due to large number of C-H bonds

13. Examples of Lipids Fatty Acids: unbranched C chains, carboxyl group attached at one end & is polar –Hydrophilic: attracted to water –Hydrophobic: water fearing –Saturated: Carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 atoms –Unsaturated: form double bonds with carbon chain due to not being bonded to 4 atoms.

14. Steroid (the lone lipid) Composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them Example: *Testosterone is a steroid compound *Cholesterol is also very famous!!

15. Three classes of lipids contain fatty acids: Triglycerides (1 alcohol glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids) Phospholipids (1 glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids, phosphate group attached to 3 rd carbon of glycerol) Waxes (long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain)

16. Nucleic Acids Large complex organic molecules that store & transfer important info in the cell. Two types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Both consist of thousands of linked monomers called nucleotides

17. Proteins Organic compounds made of: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen Amino Acids: *monomers that link to make proteins * 20 different ones that share the same basic structure Examples: Hair, Horns, Skin, Muscles

18. Proteins Continued… Dipeptide: when 2 amino acids form a covalent bond via a condensation reaction. THE BOND IS CALLED A PEPTIDE BOND!! Polypeptides are very long chains of amino acids

19. Enzymes RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts Necessary for any cell to function Substrate: reactant being catalyzed Active site: area that allows substrate to fit in The environment can effect the enzyme drastically – Examples: Temperature & pH

20. Activation Energy Chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place are known as catalysts A reaction in the presence of the correct catalyst will proceed spontaneously or with only a little energy added