1. Catalyst What is active transport? What is passive transport? Study for your quiz. Raffle Winners.

2. Quiz Do your best! When you are finished raise your hand and I will check your answers on the spot! Then open your notes and complete the “True or False… What do you think?” Section. Then read over the notes.

3. Unit 1 Quiz If you earned <85% you may retake the quiz to improve your grade and master the objective.  You must first correct your quiz questions. If you earned ≥85% place a sticker on the mono-mastery tracker by your name and that objective.

4. Cellular Chemistry Unit 2, Module 2

5. In your Notebook List 3 foods that are high in fat List 3 foods that are high in protein List 3 foods that are high in carbohydrates

6. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical reaction. Chemicals made up of more than one type of element are called compounds. B.Living things are composed of two main types of chemical compounds: 1.Inorganic: compounds that do not contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Water (made of the elements hydrogen and oxygen) is the most important inorganic compound for life: C

7. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? i.Water is the most abundant compound in a cell (and organism). Most organisms are 60-90% water by weight ii.Most chemical reactions occur in water because it provides an optimum environment Ex. transport of molecules in the cell

8. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? 2. Organic: compounds that DO contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen a. Carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Ex. Provide energy source for respiration (glucose) b. Lipids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Ex. Insulate and protect organs in the body (fats) c. Nucleic Acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus) Ex. Allow traits to be passed from parent to child (DNA) d. Proteins (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus) Ex. Provide specifically shaped molecules that can carry other molecules (hemoglobin carries oxygen)

9. Catalyst Why Wednesday?????

10. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? C.Scientists can test for the presence of the different chemicals, such as carbohydrates, using indicators. For example, iodine changes to a blue-black color in the presence of starches.

11. D. The six essential elements (CHNOPS) are essential to life because they help maintain homeostasis. 1. The elements make up essential organic and inorganic compounds. Each type of molecule performs specific jobs in organisms (see examples above). I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

12. pH Scale- Acid: form H+ ions in a solution pH range 0-6.9 Base: Form OH- ions in a solution pH range 8-14

13. b. Hydrogen is also donated or accepted by weak acid- base pairs to regulate the pH of a system like cells and blood. These weak acid-base pairs are called buffers.  i. When a cell’s pH drops (becomes more acidic), the buffers in the cell “accept” the hydrogen ions which reverses the pH change  ii. When a cell’s pH rises (becomes more basic), the buffers in the cell “donate” hydrogen ions  iii. In a cell, acid is being produced as the cell respires. To maintain the pH, a cell must use buffers to counteract the acid  iv. Different cells or areas of the organism need different pH levels to perform. Buffers help keep that pH level constant I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

14. Buffers Regulate pH Not enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom! Buffers can donate hydrogen Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom! Buffers can accept hydrogen. Ahhhhh – just the right pH! These are examples of artificial “buffers” we use

15. Your Turn Complete the boxes on the sides of your notes on pages 11 and 12. Then complete the check yourself on page 13.

16. II. How does synthesis provide important organic macromolecules using six essential elements? A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Many monosaccharides bond together forming a larger compound chain called a carbohydrate. a. In plants the monosaccharide called glucose (C6H12O6) bonds with other glucose molecules again and again to form starch or cellulose. The plant can use starch as food (like the “white” or a potato) and cellulose to build the stem and leaves. b. In animals excess glucose bond together to form a compound (similar to starch) called glycogen which is used for short-term energy storage. Glycogen is found in the liver and muscles.

17. Carbohydrates Simple Sugars Monomer= 1 subunit Good for synthesizing Examples: fructose, and dextrose Quick Energy and usually not healthy MONOSACCHARIDE S Starch Complex polymer= many monomers * Plant starch= cellulose: gives plants support * Animal starch= glycogen Better for you! POLYSACCHARIDES

18. Examples: Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar Starch – polysaccharide - corn

21. Picture: Test: Use Benedict's reagent, a solution made of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide to test for simple sugars (glucose)  Remember: Ben likes sugar Use iodine solution to test for starches  Remember: Idaho potatoes Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat)

22. 2. Functions of carbohydrates a. Energy is released when carbohydrates are digested. This is because glucose is used for cellular respiration. i. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) provide an immediate energy source ii. Starch and glycogen are considered short term energy sources because these chemicals can be broken down over a period of minutes, hours or days to provide glucose for energy.

23. b. Some carbohydrates are very stable and can be used for structure and support in the cell and body (cellulose in the cell wall of plant cells). c. Carbohydrate chains on the surface of cell membranes are used as identifiers (like name tags).

24. Typically, they end in… -OSE Example: gluc OSE, fruct OSE, lact OSE

25. Lipids What happens to the carbohydrates not used as energy? They become FATS or LIPIDS! only called fats, oils, and waxes Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a NON SPECIFIC ratio (Example: C 21 H 17 O 43 ) Structure: Mostly carbon and hydrogen, some oxygen molecules They are generally hydro–phobic in water! Think of pouring oil into water- do they mix?

26. How does synthesis provide important organic macromolecules using six essential elements? B. Lipids 1. There are several types of lipids, but all contain subunits of glycerol and fatty acids made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is different from a carbohydrate because of the ratio and because the smaller units do not link together to form a chemical chain a. Fats can be saturated (usually solid at room temperature) or unsaturated (usually liquid). b. Phospholipids also contain a phosphate group and make up most of the cell membrane. c. Steroids are lipid rings and help regulate the organism through cell communication (act as hormones)

27. Monomer  glycerol and 3 fatty acids

28. Test is the brown paper bag test. Picture: Test: Use the brown paper bag. fatty acid  fatty acid  fatty acid  glycerol

29. 2. Functions of lipids a. Because of the numerous bonds and the way the body stores lipids, they can be used as very long- term (weeks, months) energy sources. a. Quick energy (twice as much as carbs) Ex. Bears accumulate a layer of fat before winter (when food will be less available) b. Fats stored in the body act as insulation and protection for internal organs. c. Some hormones are composed of lipids (steroids) d. Part of the cell membrane. b. What is the other name for the cell membrane?

30. Check Yourself Complete the check yourself on page 15 Then fill in the boxes on the side. You have 1 minute 30 seconds

31. II. How does synthesis provide important organic macromolecules using six essential elements? A. Nucleic Acids 1. Nucleotides are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Many nucleotides bond together to make up a long chain called a nucleic acid. There are two basic types of nucleic acids: a. DNA is a double chain of nucleotides found in all living cells. b. RNA is a single chain of nucleotides that provides the structures needed for the cell to make proteins.

32. 2.Functions of nucleic acids a.DNA makes up the genes. Genes are used to pass traits from parent to offspring. Genes determine traits. b.DNA controls cellular activities by controlling the production of proteins in response to hormones and other cellular signals. c.RNA is used in the production of proteins.

33. CarbsLipids

34. Proteins Structure: Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen! Monomer  amino acids Polymer  polypeptide

35. Proteins Examples  muscle  fingernails, claws  skin  hair  antibodies  enzymes example: pepsin, catylase  hormones example: insulin

36. II.How does synthesis provide important organic macromolecules using six essential elements? D. Proteins 1. All six essential elements may be used in the production of small subunits called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids, each with a specific side chain of chemicals. Amino acids bond to other amino acids to form a long chain called a protein. These chains of amino acids fold into a particular shape. The shape of a protein will determine its function. If a protein denatures (loses its shape) it can no longer function. a. Hemoglobin is a protein shaped to hold oxygen for transport through the bloodstream. b. A group of proteins called enzymes are shaped to fit and react with specific molecules.

37. Proteins can twist and fold into millions of shapes, and form four different levels of organization: Primary: Sequence of amino acids in a chain Secondary: Folding and twisting of amino acids into a pleated sheet. Tertiary: Folding of the ________ chain into sheets Quaternary: 2 or more ________ folded together

38. 2. Functions of proteins a. Some proteins, called pigments, absorb and reflect light. They also create color by reflecting light.  Ex. Chlorophyll absorbs light to gather energy for photosynthesis, and reflects the color green b. Some proteins are constructed by cells to bind with and inactivate foreign particles in the body. These are called antibodies. c. Proteins may form structures in an organism – such as keratin (a protein) in hair and nails.

39. Unfolding a protein destroys its shape  wrong shape = can’t do its job  unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity)

40. d. Some proteins are used for transport through the cell membrane or in the bloodstream (ex. hemoglobin) e. Some proteins are used for communication between cells. These may be hormones (insulin) or neurotransmitters. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and is required by the cells of the body in order for them to remove and use glucose from the blood. Insulin can be used to treat diabetes. f. Enzymes (a special class of protein) act to speed up chemical reactions.

41. Homework For the next 2 days  Record 10 of the foods you eat and what your meal was composed of.  List the food and next to it record what molecules are present in each food.  This will be due on Wednesday, 9/12/12. Sign up for cel.ly. A poll will go out tonight for class pet.

42. III. Why are enzymes necessary for life? A. Enzymes help maintain homeostasis 1. Metabolism (chemical reactions) requires certain conditions to occur. Enzymes regulate metabolism, allowing life to continue. Enzymes speed up reactions, making an enzyme a biological catalyst. 2. Metabolism (each reaction) has a small range of temperature and pH at which it can proceed. Each reaction also needs some energy to begin. This is called activation energy. Enzymes allow reactions to occur at lower activation energy (body temperature).

43. Graph of a reaction with and without an enzyme

44. B. The structure of an enzyme determines its function 1. Enzymes are usually proteins. Proteins have a definite 3-D structure based on how the amino acid chains fold. a. On the enzyme, there is a place where the target molecule can attach. This place is called the active site. The target molecule/chemical is the substrate. b. If the enzyme’s active site changes shape too much, the substrate will not fit. An enzyme may change shape if it is denatured by a change in temperature, pH, or salinity. This means the enzyme will not be able to speed up the reaction.

45. 2. Enzymes mediate (help) chemical reactions using a specific chemical pathway (series of steps). a. The enzyme collides with the substrate. b. The enzyme and substrate fit together at the active site like a lock and key. c. The enzyme changes the substrate in some way i.It may help break the substrate apart by stressing bonds. ii.It may hold two (or more) substrates together closely so the two parts interact. d. The enzyme and the substrate (now product) separate. Mr. Wanamaker's Enzyme Animations

46. Enzyme-Mediated Pathway

47. C. Enzymes have distinguishing characteristics 1. Enzymes are specific. This means enzymes will catalyze only one specific reaction because only certain substrates fit due to the shape of the active site. 2. Enzymes are reusable. Notice in the diagram above that the enzyme did not change shape or split. This means it can now fit with another substrate or set of substrates and repeat its role in speeding up the reaction. Reversible Enzyme Reactions Animation